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The subject of this article is centered upon non-family farmworker in the Quebec agrarian sector. In the first instance, it describes the principal socioeconomic characteristics of these workers. Afterwards, it analyses to what degree farm-workers are subject to Quebec labour laws. Finally, it discusses the validity of various legal exceptions and exclusions aimed at agricultural employees in light of the Canadian and Quebec charters of rights and freedoms.There are at least 15 000 non-family farmworkers in Quebec. Approximately fifty percent of these employees are permanent workers, hired for the most part on livestock and poultry farms. Most of the non-family farmworkers are young male adults and of French-canadian origin. Some women and foreign farmworkers are to be found, but mostly on vegetable or fruit farms, and on a seasonal basis.Only a few agricultural employees are unionized. Farmworkers earn low wages for long workweeks. Agricultural work also provides for only a few legal holidays, and is characterized by a high level of occupational accidents. To what extent does Quebec labour laws apply to employees in the agricultural sector? This question calls for a not so clear-cut answer.The rules set forth in the Civil codepertaining to individual labour contracts are entirely applicable to the agricultural sector. So much can be said for the rules established in the Act Respecting Occupational Health and Safetyand in the Act Respecting Industrial Accidents and Occupational Diseases.These two laws do not create any exclusions or exceptions whatsoever with regard to farmworkers. On the other hand, these employees are deprived, in part or in whole, from the benefits of other important legislations concerning work conditions and industrial relations. Thus, only agricultural employers with at least four permanent workers are subject to the Act Respecting Labour Standard.Furthermore, employees who fall within the application of this law may not benefit from all the minimal standards that it provides.The Labour Code,in its application to farmworkers, is in no way different. Effectively, persons employed on a farm which has fewer than three full time workers are not considered «employees» as determined in the Labour Code,and are thus not entitled to union representation or certification. Considering the numerous farms in Quebec that hire fewer than three permanent workers, the great majority of farmworkers are deprived of the advantages brought about by trade-unions through collective bargaining. Finally, the Act Respecting Collective Agreement Decreesdoes not cover «agricultural exploitations» whatever the number of farmworkers in their employ. Farmworkers are unfavourably treated by our labour laws when compared to employees working in other sectors of our economy. In so being, they are victims of discrimination based upon their occupational activity. This discrimination could be judicially challenged on the basis of section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.Section 15 recognizes and guarantees the equality of all before and under the law. In spite of an uncertain jurisprudence on this subject, the door remains open for a court challenge. Futhermore, this occupational discrimination could also be attacked on the basis of some provisions of the Quebec Charter ofHuman Rights and Freedomswhich prohibits any form of discrimination based upon «social condition». Here again, farmworkers will have to overcome a jurisprudence which has favoured, up to now, a restrictive definition of «social condition».

Many analyses are developed in Management Science to help large corporations anticipate international risks and identify the best ways to penetrate a foreign market. Today, there are no theoretical cases or methodologies that allow small and medium-sized companies to enter these markets or predict risks correlated to their implementation. However, for SMEs, gaining knowledge on international risks and different implementation strategies is particularly important because an error can rapidly jeopardize the company's performance. Thus, in the continuation of the research on the entry mode code depending on the degree of desired engagement and control wanted by the SME, we will integrate the risk perceived by the company's executive. The objective of this article is to develop a global and systemic framework for analysis that would help SMEs and advise them to optimize the choice of their entry modes into foreign markets.

Keywords: PME, Risque, Internationalisation, Perception, Niveau d'engagement, Contrôle, Modes d'entrée à l'international, SME, Risk, Internationalization, Perception, Level of engagement, Control, Foreign market entry modes, PyME, Riesgos, Internacionalización, Percepción, Compromiso, Control, Modos de entrada

It is well documented that parental involvement in school has an impact on the school adjustment of the student. This study aims to determine to what extent parental involvement is positively associated with the performance and school engagement of students from immigrant backgrounds. The data were collected in five elementary schools located in disadvantaged areas of Montreal. A total of 296 students as well as their parents and their teachers participated in this longitudinal study. As the immigrant population is a heterogeneous group, we examined the differential association between parental involvement and school adjustment of students from three subgroups defined according to the region of birth of the parent (Canada, North Africa and the Caribbean). The results from the multi-group path analysis suggest that parents who are born in the Caribbean are different from the two other groups in that their frequent discussions about the school and homework supervision is associated with their child's lower academic achievement.

Keywords: réussite éducative, immigration, école primaire, implication parentale, collaboration école-famille, school achievement, immigration, elementary school, parental involvement, family-school partnership, éxito educativo, emigración, escuela primaria, implicación parental, colaboración escuela-familia

Access to affordable property insurance is an important economic and political issue in large US cities. It is not only essential for homeowneship, business development, and urban redevelopment initiative but it is also important in trying to achieve fair housing and secure basic rights of citizens. This paper presents a description and a brief history of the problem of availibility of homeowners insurance market, the redlining in the US and a literature review of theoretical and empirical research on this topic both in the US and the province of Québec.

Keywords: technologies numériques, Référentiel de compétences, direction d’établissement d’enseignement, analyse documentaire, analyse sémantique, analyse structurale

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the automation of records management practices, thanks to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools, in particular augmented document management. However, the effective and efficient integration of AI into archival processes requires a set of informational, technological, managerial and normative requirements. This would ensure that organizations can seize the potential of automation to support their duty of transparency and improve their performance. The aim of this article is to propose a six-level maturity model, highlighting the requirements for deploying augmented document management, as well as the practices and devices needed to operationalize them. It also identifies the organizational aspects that need to be taken into consideration to facilitate the transition from one maturity level to another.

Keywords: maturity, modèle de maturité, intelligence artificielle, artificial intelligence, records management, gestion documentaire, automatisation, automation, gouvernance d’information