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AbstractThe importance of the governmental sector increased at a particularly high rate. This has been made possible by higher taxes, especially taxes on personal income. Those taxes increased at an average annual rate of 18% since 1965. One may question on the possibility of increasing again taxes without deteriorating the general performance of the economy. In other words, is it possible to maintain in the future the present scenario, that is to increase the relative importance of the public sector without this being detrimental to the other sectors of the economy? In this article, the author tries to answer these questions.

AbstractThis article concerns the construction of Inuit collective identity in the context of negotiations and consultations related to the forthcoming establishment of a regional government in Nunavik. It covers the main representations of contemporary Inuit identity as expressed in official discourses of the regional political leaders and in the more informal ones of the local population. On the one hand, ethnic identity seems more salient among the local population that does suggest an overview of the anthropological literature on the subject. On the other hand, the affirmation of collective identity is reliant on the social position of individuals.

AbstractIn this article, the author analyzes the social construction of political problems in public policies, through the study of the links between politics and technique, in urban planning projects in Paris, France. Both technical aspects and political aspects are likely to change. In particular, technical problems sometimes become political problems through action. Those processes, which we will call “political problematisation” of technical questions, can lead to the construction of the legitimacy of those questions in the public debate, as well as that of the actors who are able to ask those questions.

In France, disability policies and policies for the elderly have been two distinct fields of public action since the 1990s. Despite the creation of the fifth branch of Social Security in 2020, questioning the age barrier at the national level appears largely incomplete. Both elderly and disability policies have undergone a process of decentralization, thus it is important to focus on the implementation at the departmental level of a single public service for autonomy. This article explores the hypothesis of the establishment by departmental councils of a new "category of public action" in place of "dependent elderly" and "disabled persons." To shed light on this issue, a documentary analysis was conducted. The organizational charts of French departmental councils were examined, as well as planning tools − autonomy schemes. In addition, a campaign of semi-structured interviews was initiated with executives from one of the departmental councils. Although incomplete, the convergence, at the departmental level, of disability policies and policies for the elderly can be seen in service reorganizations, choice of instruments, through cognitive work of identifying common issues, and in the establishment of common mechanisms. Understanding each layer of this convergence requires its integration into a plurality of dynamics at work in the transformation of public action. Furthermore, the convergence dynamic varies from one department to another.

Keywords: politiques de l'autonomie, politiques départementales, barrière d'âge, policies of autonomy, departmental policies, age structuring

Cities are facing the acceleration and the multiplicity of temporalities. They affect the use of public places, which changes and becomes intense or conflictual throughout the day. The observation of these changes in usage is of interest to urban studies, as it confronts social practices and the development of public squares. The latter has a role in meeting users' expectations. This article analyzes the uses of three central public squares in Algiers, Algeria, considering daily temporalities, and verifies if the current and projected urban planning takes into account the changes in usage. The method of analysis combines snapshots to observe users and usages throughout the day, and a questionnaire for urban planners. The results analysis allows us to suggest improvements for the urban planning of public squares regarding changes in usage.

Keywords: Temporalités, place publiques, changement, usages, aménagement, Alger, Temporalities, public squares, change, usage, urban planning, Algiers, Temporalidades, plazas públicas, cambios, utilizaciones, planificación, Argel

This article deals with the transfer of environmental service's concept in agricultural policies in France. It is based on a document and literature review and on semi-directive interviews conducted from September 2009 to April 2010 with 62 key stakeholders in the French agriculture sector.The notion of environmental services and ecosystem services has been gathering strength since the 1970s and has been popularized with the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005. Yet the concepts appeared late in France. Until 2003 France was arguing for the idea of multifunctionality in agriculture. The concept came on the national political scene from 2005. At the same time the idea was spreading in the farming world that agriculture renders environmental services. Agricultural circles are concerned with environmental services rather than ecosystem services, and the idea gathered steam in 2008 and 2009 with publications and symposiums on the subject by the agriculture ministry. Although there is no explicit reference to environmental services or payments for environmental services (PES) in French laws and regulations governing agricultural provisions, the ES concept was introduced in legal renditions of the commitments made under the French Grenelle environment agreement and they feature prominently in the discussions towards the CAP reform in 2013. The growing prevalence of the PES idea in French and European debates on agriculture (CAP-2013) seems to herald a renewal of agri-environmental provisions in France.

Keywords: service environnemental, politique agricole, mesures agrienvironnementales, environmental service, agricultural policy, agri-environment schemes

The editorial board of Documentation et bibliothèques presents the report prepared by the board of directors of ASTED and presented to the Commission parlementaire sur la culture, which is currently studying the recommendations of the Arpin Report. Although it usually does not publish the Association's reports, the members of the editorial board believe the subject to be timely and that it should be brought to the attention of the members and other readers.