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291.More information
Techniques of democratic control and public participation in general energy choices have recently been the concern of many, especially in Quebec. Firstly, over the last ten years, the Parliamentary Committee on Energy and Resources has been the forum of important debates and serious discussions. Members of the National Assembly have been able to follow to a certain extent the rapid evolution of energy policies and to articulate the concerns of the general public. Those responsible for Crown corporations (Hydro, SOQUIP) have had to account for their projects and to report regularly. Through public hearings, various economic agents have had the opportunity to present their views on many occasions. The second important technique, the use of an indépendant regulatory agency, in this case, the Quebec Gas and Energy Board, with a rather limited jurisdiction, has been the centre of discussions. Some see in that formula an adequate channel of public participation ; others have some hesitation about accepting the broadening of the role of an indépendant regulatory agency, where important issues have to be dealt between the Minister and major Crown corporations.
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292.More information
French-speaking countries, like other States, need multilateral and bilateral funds for their development. This financing obeys accounting rules of eligibility for “public development assistance”, conditionality, and concessionality inspired by a conceptual framework of public accounts which embodies accounting sovereignty enforceable against borrowers. However, each borrowing State has a normative budgetary and accounting framework that matches that of the European bilateral contributor and which the latter integrates into multilateral bodies through its strong contribution to these institutions. By the analytical method, the study which targets France as a bilateral contributor also present in multilateral institutions through its participations, Côte d'Ivoire and Congo-Brazzaville as beneficiaries, shows the specificity of the legal relationship between the conceptual framework of public accounts and accessibility to multilateral and bilateral funds for development. An instrument for expressing accounting sovereignty, the conceptual framework of public accounts strengthens the accessibility of borrowing countries to multilateral and bilateral funds. By affirming the accounting status of the sovereign power, the conceptual framework of public accounts reinforces the sovereignty of the bilateral contributor, and that of multilateral institutions, and weakens that of the financed countries. The latter still gains in budgetary performance at a certain level of the public spending chain.
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293.
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294.More information
The sharp fluctuations in energy prices over the past 20 years have made some households precarious because of their situation linked to their income, a poorly isolated housing and/or long daily commutes. This theme of energy poverty has thus gradually emerged as an object of local public action by strengthening significantly with the price peak of of oil in 2008-2012. How can the local stakeholders organize themselves to face this social issue of the energy transition? To answer this question, this article reports on a research conducted in three different territories, active in the fight against energy poverty related to housing and mobility. It shows the gradual intensification of collective action in this area since the 2000s, and highlights limits of sectoral policies (social action, energy, housing, transport, etc.), and on the other hand the current financing and regulation methods that make it difficult to conduct long term actions. Finally, the observations on the three territories show the opportunities of the ongoing institutional developments over the past ten years (intercommunality and metropolization).
Keywords: Précarité énergétique, logement, mobilité quotidienne, transversalité, action publique territoriale, Energy poverty, housing, daily mobility, transversality, territorial public action
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296.More information
Keywords: GROUPE DE DISCUSSION, FOCUS GROUP, GROUPE DE DIAGNOSTIC, COMMUNICATION DES ORGANISATIONS, RECHERCHE-ACTION, UTILISATION DE LA RECHERCHE
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298.More information
AbstractThe number of women in senior positions continues to rise slowly, despite there being improvements in other social and political domains. That being in a minority places restrictions on participation is something that is not sufficiently taken into account, and makes any changes in practice and decisions observed uneven but nonetheless significant. Women reveal a certain ambivalence about gender issues, ranging from recognition of male domination and the need for gender balance and the difficulties of operating so as to take difference into account without essentialism. In addition, women's participation is also shaped by the plurality of social roles they assume. In such a context, their behaviour is simultaneously submissive and strategic.