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In Quebec, one person in five has limited ability to process written information, which hampers educational success. The development of different literacies (reading, writing, arithmetic, information, media and digital) is therefore crucial. Community literacy involves participation in skills development and in building a local education system. Our study aims to deepen our knowledge of community literacy and how it can be put into practice, by analysing the involvement of public and school libraries, community players and the means of influencing young people's literacy. One of the components of the project is based on a qualitative approach involving six case studies. The results will reveal the collaborative strategies put in place to improve access to educational resources, develop young people's capacities and strengthen links between community players, and will serve as the basis for a survey of school libraries and public libraries on community literacy.

On October 17, 2018, Canada became the first Western country to legalize cannabis for recreational use. The policymaking process was characterized by a top-down and often unilateral decision-making approach on the part of the federal government. Nevertheless, the provinces had important prerogatives, which they used to adapt or even resist the framework proposed by the federal government. Using the concept of resistance strategies, this article analyzes how some provinces, especially Quebec, took advantage of the policymaking process to provide a counterweight to the federal government's coercive approach. Quebec used both offensive and defensive strategies to resist federal policy from the formulation to the implementation stage. The article emphasizes the importance of studying cannabis policy implementation in Canada, which has led to a variety of policies rather than to a uniform framework.

Keywords: légalisation du cannabis, fédéralisme, relations intergouvernementales, stratégies de résistance, implementation gap, cannabis legalization, federalism, intergovernmental relations, resistance strategies, implementation gap

The object of this article is to question the reasons underlying disfunctionalities and distortions between public policy and alternative social movements. This is taken from two viewpoints: on the one hand, by analyzing public policy implemented in mountainous zones that promotes endogenous development, and on the other, by analyzing the social logic of movements that call for an alternative process. The central question focusses on the foundations of alternative social movements which were born or achieved renewed vigor since the middle of the 1970's. The principal hypothesis is the following: while most of the development objectives targetted by public policy are based on the paradigm of salaried work, the proposals of the alternative social movements are founded on the paradigm of independent work. Beyond the mode of development imposed to date, these movements question the workings of the salaried society and defend the values linked to the model of independent work. The article is based upon an analysis of these movements in the mountainous zones of France, Italy, Switzerland, and Austria.

Social policy both provides individuals with protection against the risks of social life and protects this social life itself. This is why we need to examine the contribution of social policies not only to the continued cohesion of societies' governmental systems but also to the construction of political frontiers within which are fashioned territorialised forms of social belonging and citizenship.

Scientific research related to the use of experts in decision making processes highlights the emergence of vast criticism, but what specifically are experts blamed for? Symptoms of the expertise crisis are varied and can be understood through broader questioning of the rational decision making paradigm which supposes that good science provided by experts leads to good decisions. As a response to this problem, many proposals for a new relationship between citizens, experts and politics have been made. However, these proposals are often based on pre-established definitions of the role of science and experts in decision making. Therefore, we suggest changing perspective by exploring stakeholders' perception of experts in the controversial highway 25 extension project in the region of Montreal. A lexicometric analysis of the different briefs provided by public hearing participants was undertaken in order to uncover participants' perception of appointed experts and of the impacts and issues related to the project. The project was presented by the Ministère des Transports du Québec in 2005 and public hearings were held by the Bureau d'audiences publiques sur l'environnement. In this specific context, the expertise crisis appears to be a plea for more opened and democratic procedures as well as a more reflexive practice of science. These findings underline the need for a closer examination of the procedures that govern the use of experts in order to improve them.

Keywords: experts, expertise, controverse, prise de décision, évaluation environnementale, infrastructure de transport, Montréal, autoroute 25, experts, expertise, controversy, decision-making, environmental assessment, transportation infrastructure, Montréal, highway 25

The right of users to exercise a degree of choice with respect to the public services they use has become a principle that cuts across public policies focusing on people as human beings (in the social, education and health care spheres). This paper examines the significance of this political philosophy of choice and the forms it has taken in practice in various areas of State intervention : family-life education and child protection ; social and vocational integration of jobless youth ; policies concerning dependent seniors ; policies allowing families to choose their children's schools. A three-part analysis is conducted. First, official publications and speeches are examined, revealing that choice takes two typical forms : “freedom-choice” and “responsibility-choice.” Second, the ways in which this dual concept of choice has been implemented in various institutional contexts are studied. Third, the real consequences of this ideology for users are explored on the basis of the concept of “autonomy-choice.”

This study endeavours to investigate to what extent the operational implementation of a public policy as regards the outdoors sports seems to slip from the responsibility of the Ministry of Sport, to the benefit of the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, which has seized this authority on behalf of the environmental conservation of the sports practice areas. This study is based on the analysis of the legal documentation and demonstrates the dispersion of the prerogatives asserted by the Ministry of Sports, which nonetheless defined the frame of reference of the public policy that advises to support the “proficient development” of outdoors activities. Does the reinforcement of the environmental constraints, which are implied by the decree n° 2010-365 related to the evaluation of the impact of Natura 2000, speed the Ministry of Sport up into a legitimacy crisis in so far as the analysis of the impact of the practice of outdoors activities on the natural environment, that is apprehended as a coercion means to contain the spontaneous development of outdoors sports, does not come under the responsibility of the Ministry of Sports ?

Keywords: sports de nature, environnement, politiques publiques sportives, ministère des Sports, développement territorial, outdoor activities, environment, sports public policies, ministry of sports, divisional development