Documents found
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483.More information
The State is presently redefining its role. Three main issues are under examination: the subordination of social policy to the dictates of the market; the definition of specific target groups for State intervention and the growth of State control and domination. Two documents recently published by the federal and Quebec governments provide indications of the new tendencies in public welfare. New definitions concerning fitness to work, availability for work and what constitutes the "active" and "inactive" labour force all serve to tighten state control through new multivariate management strategies.
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485.More information
Public policies relating to defense issues are rarely characterized by a strong involvement of public opinion. It is not uncommon to speak of a democratic deficit on issues related to participation in international military interventions. The consensus that sometimes exists on these issues between the governing parties favors the coherence and continuity of these public policies but generally leads to a lack of politicization of these policies. However, it is possible to put them on the agenda. The 2015 general election that brought Justin Trudeau's Liberals to power in Canada is an excellent example of this, with the case of Canadian participation in the international coalition against Daesh. Conversely, one can only note the lack of politicization of the French contribution to this same international intervention, particularly during the national election campaigns of 2017 (although Paris was the second largest contributor to this after the United States). In a national context marked by the attacks of 2015 and then 2016 in France, only the questions of the extension of the military operation to Syria and the relations to be maintained with Bashar Al-Assad experienced a certain politicization. These differences of politicization raise questions about the modalities of politicization, the conditions favoring its emergence, as well as the consequences of politicization on the implementation of a public policy. This article aims to analyze the politicization processes of international military interventions within Western democracies – in particular during electoral campaigns – using France and Canada as case studies during the war against Daesh.
Keywords: politisation, enjeux de défense, élections nationales, mise à l'agenda, opinion publique, France, Canada, guerre contre Daech, propriétaire de l'enjeu, médiatisation, politicization, defense issues, national elections, agenda-setting, public opinion, France, Canada, war against Daesh, issue ownership, mediatization
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486.More information
Due to their specificity, environmental problems are difficult to govern using standard politics. The transgression of the traditional political scale, the intersectorial nature of the problems, and the desynchronization of the impact of human activity on the environment, have resulted in the emergence of policies that champion co-responsibility (inter-territorial, intersectorial, intergenerational). This tendency is evidenced by politics which reinforce explicit interdependencies between territories, and by devices which serve to make social actors aware of their responsibilities (in regards to the environment). These environmental devices represent a new and increasing trend in the regulation of collective environmental problems, in that they place greater emphasis on shifting the social practices of individuals (alternate forms of consumption, travel, etc…). This text exposes these mechanisms aimed at making people more responsible. It explores the range and the limits of environmental governance.
Keywords: Gouvernance de l'environnement, responsabilité, politiques environnementales, procédures collaboratives, Environmental governance, responsibility, environmental politics, collaborative procedures
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487.More information
SummaryThe article presents the constraints faced by full-employment policies in the 1980s, and it identifies the new fields opened to "political regulation." What is at stake is clear. Either full-employment policies are "fatally" blocked, which means old compromises are condemned, or there are margins left to renew these compromises around employment and a more efficient and equitable wage relation. Whatever the case, to master the ongoing adjustment process, it will be necessary to take seriously the structural transformation of the labour market.
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488.More information
Keywords: politiques sociales, territoires, inégalités, gouvernance
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489.More information
SummaryThis paper addresses the question of the model of social management as it has been challenged by the crisis of the Welfare State. On the basis of cases from Montreal and, more specifically, of community organizations offering services to youth, the author examines how the community context, which seems to have developed a new pragmatism, has become implicated in the path toward partnership. Within the context of the sociology of social movements and the institutional point of view, he outlines a perspective which illustrates the main contradictions which both the community actors and the political class must face.
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490.