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The purpose of this article is to study the impact of the public debt on the economic growth. To do it and to avoid the heterogeneity problem, a total sample of 35 countries (Euro Zone, European Union and developed countries) is divided into two groups, differentiated by their public debt ratios as a percentage of GDP. We test this issue during the period 2006-2013, marked by both financial and sovereign debt crises. The econometric tool used is based on the generalized method of moment's estimations for dynamic panel, developed by Blundell and Bond (1998).The results obtained at the total sample and the highly indebted countries argue for a negative effect of the high public debt on the economic growth, beyond the limit values suggested by the Maastricht Treaty. For the countries' group that has well controlled its public debt ratio, the impact is positive, confirming the existence of an incentive effect of the deficit and the public debt to the economic growth. The conclusion derived from this work is that the relationship between the public debt and the growth varies considerably depending on the period and the country. In addition, the public debt can be considered a legitimate tool of economic policy which can produce growth, if managed carefully.

In recent years, public bodies in OECD countries have been facing a paradox. In their quest for performance, they have embarked on reforms that ultimately result in public action losing its meaning for their agents and users. In order to understand this paradox, we shall examine an intervention research initiative conducted over four years in a commune in Ile-de-France. It enables us to propose a quadratic model of the performance of public action, presenting it as a social construct driven by governance tensions that are themselves fuelled by different viewpoints.

Keywords: Action publique, Performance publique, Tensions de gouvernance publique, Points de vue, Recherche-intervention, Sens, Public Action, Public Performance, Public Governance Tensions, Viewpoints, Intervention Research, Meaning, Acción pública, Rendimiento público, Tensiones de gobernanza pública, Puntos de vista, Investigación-intervención, Significado

Many countries in French-speaking Black Africa have focused their development policies on large-scale investment projects, mobilizing both internal resources and external financing from donors. This economic cooperation is of vital importance, as it generates additional resources for public investment in the recipient countries. However, the financial commitment of donors is not without consequences for the sovereignty of recipient countries, particularly in view of the reform obligations to which they are subject. While these conditionalities are generally aimed at improving governance and public finance management, they must nonetheless be aligned with the strategic priorities of recipient states, which remain the main actors responsible for their national development policies.

Starting with a discussion of three theoretical frameworks which can be applied in order to analyse agrifood systems transformation processes, i.e., the sustainability transitions theory, the French pragmatic sociology, and the food regimes theory, this article suggests a systemic, historicized and pragmatic approach to ecologization processes which borrows from these different frameworks. This approach adopts a systemic and historical standpoint as it aims to study how these transition processes result from the transformation of the interdependences between the different components and actors of the agrifood systems over time. It is also a pragmatic approach because it focusses on the actual changes in actors' practices as well as on the controversies between diverse actors who have different visions of what an ecological transition should be. In order to assess its relevance, this approach is then applied to three case studies: the institutionalization process of agroecology in France and in Brazil, and the ecological transition of a territorial agrifood system in southern France.

Keywords: écologique, systémique, pragmatique, agro-alimentaire, ecological transition, systemic, pragmatic, food, agriculture, transición ecológica, sistémica, pragmática, alimentos, agricultura

Civic society participation is more and more common in environmental and natural resources governance. A lot of experiences have shown the capacity of social actors to get involved in sustainable management processes. Consequently, many governments have developed recently governance models based on social actors cooperation. However, passing from a descriptive use of a new governance paradigm to its implementation is a complex task. In particular, the institutionalization of cooperation into environmental management processes could lead to some difficulties.In this paper, by the analysis of Quebec watershed management politic implementation, we present some reasons which highlight the complexity linked with cooperation institutionalization. Nevertheless, we suggest to use the concept of social organization to look at social actors cooperation in a prospective way and then, to influence the elaboration of new environmental policy based on cooperation. This perspective allow us to identity the challenges related to the generalization of cooperation as a major part of environmental policies.

Keywords: collaboration, gouvernance, environnement, société civile, rôle de l'état, collaborative approach, governance, water, civic society, state

The study on environment and development has driven the development of a university tendency said political ecology. This tendency, which emerges in confrontation or in opposition with cultural human ecology, analyses essentially power and the fight for power in matters of management of the environment. The question of mondialization of speeches and the domination of a small number between them is therefore central. Besides, the governmental logic of public intervention contrasts with this dominant perception of environmental field. It is important now to focus our view on the associative expertise about forest to see the new environmental discourse. Such is the objective of this research on the evaluation of the environmental policy in Cameroon in the forestry zone. Going from discursive analyze in the field of policies, the policy study here reveal opposition between state and civil societies organization specialize in the protection of the forest. The opposition is focus around the problem building and controversies about the growth's gouvernmental program and the sustainable development dispositive. The consequence is the objectivation of the trajectory of the state in action in the other context ant the daily environmental policies in the developing country.

Keywords: croissance, développement durable, crise forestière, évaluation environnementale, agenda, expertise, activité discursive, growth, sustainable development, forestry crisis, environmental evaluation, agenda, expertise, discourse activity