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671.More information
“State feminism” is a concept that refers to the integration of feminists and feminist issues into the State apparatus. Yet, while the feminist movement must regularly contend with an antifeminist counter-movement, it is worth considering whether there isn't also a “State antifeminism.” That is the primary objective of this paper, which is divided into four sections : (1) antifeminist governments or parties ; (2) antifeminist civil servants ; (3) feminist institutions under antifeminist influence ; and (4) the influence on the State of antifeminist movements. The study focuses chiefly on Western countries and is based on more than 20 interviews with feminists in Belgium and Quebec.
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674.More information
The institutionalization of sustainable development in the field of architecture leads to changes in terms of expertise. Architects have heterogeneous positions on this subject. Some, considered as experts by the public authorities, participate to the evolutions of public policies. Others doubt, even condemn, the normative orientation of these developments. By opposition they could be considered as potential experts of the expertise. Generally their doubts are discarded by the authorities that attribute them to a lack of information, or even to inertia. Trying to enlighten these differences of opinions and positions in terms of supports for public policies, the paper examines two objects: On the one hand, the implementation of the passive house certification in the Brussels energy policy; On the other hand the critics of architects who have build one or several passive buildings. The confrontation of these objects indicates a difference of apprehension of sustainable development and architecture notions.
Keywords: action publique, architecte, Bruxelles, certification maison passive, expertise, instrument, architect, Brussels, expertness, passive house certification, policies, tool-kit
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675.More information
This paper deals with “democracy within society” that appears predominantly in our research on social representations of democracy. We have interviewed 110 persons who have a regular access to the public sphere to perceive their understanding of democracy, its many dimensions, and its main stakes. Democracy within society, or democracy as a state of society, is opposed to institutional democracy (that is, political practices and Rule of law) toward which critics abound. Democracy within society is twofold: on the one hand, emphasis on effervescence and reflexivity that crystallize in collective organisations and in debate and communication and, on the other hand, assimilation of democracy to conflict, considered in terms of normality and processes. Moreover, democracy within society needs an actor, the citizen, who does not respond to the call of democracy, as shown in the many social sciences studies of the last decades.
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676.More information
As the French Left is organizing its first primaries in October 2011, with the objective of nominating the Socialist Party’s candidate for the May 2012 presidential election, Sens Public offers a series on the state of the Lefts now in power in various places in the world.