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This article describes a documentary study of the legislative and administrative provisions for inclusive education, and the educational services available to disabled students. The conceptual framework, based on an exhaustive study of administrative conditions related to inclusive education, and a review of school policies that could influence its practice, led to the creation of an original matrix designed to analyze Nova Scotia's laws and policies on inclusive education. This instrument was used to analyse school policies in the province, but it could also be used for any other school jurisdiction (province, territory, state, etc.). The two axes of the matrix are made up of the 13 essential administrative conditions and the 3 types of school policies included in the study. How much importance do these laws and policies accord to on students with disabilities? Do they provide room for the unique character of each student, including the uniqueness of the disabled student?

The article deals with the role of environmental organizations in the rapid spread of the concept of ecosystem services in France. From four of them: International Union for Conservation of Nature, France Nature Environnement, Fondation Nicolas Hulot and World Wildlife Fund, the survey first shows how sharing out the tasks between environmental organizations has made faster and easier the spread of the systemic approach promoted by the ecosystem services. At the interface between science, firms and policy-making, environmental NGOs seem to have been key players in the dissemination of the concept. The paper examines how the concept allows them to renew their approaches and their activism and how it offers new opportunities. It finally focuses on the role played by NGOs in agricultural issues.

Keywords: services écosystémiques, ONG environnementale, politiques publiques, ecosystem services, environmental NGO, policies

The effect of scientific knowledge on the vaguely defined set of values known as "democracy" is a matter of persistent concern. This is reflected in populist demands for greater public participation in major policy choices. Such demands underscore the need of political dialogue in areas formerly in the domaine of expertise. Informed dialogue however, and meaningful negotiation over policy choices require competence to deal with difficult technical information—if only to prevent such choices from being masked as technical imperatives. Scientific knowledge, like land, labour and capital, is a resource—indeed a commodity—and the ability to manipulate and control this resource has profound implications for the distribution of political power in democratic societies.

AbstractThe Act of May 28, 2002 decriminalizing euthanasia puts Belgium in a unique position compared with most other Western democracies. Our contribution aims at explaining the main political traits allowing a permissive Belgian public policy regarding euthanasia. The adoption of such a collective norm is tightly linked with individual behaviors and it derivates from ethical choices at a personal but also societal level of decision. The article also carries out an analysis of the provisions of the Act of May 28, 2002, enforcement by doctors and the ethical issues they raise. Politically oriented debates and exchanges surrounding ethical issues, freedoms implemented and the topic of normalization are at the heart of this reflection.

Keywords: euthanasie, Belgique, politiques publiques, éthique, euthanasia, Belgium, public policies, ethics

ABSTRACTQuebec's international policy is conditioned by the "Americaness" of Quebecers. Compared to Quebec-France relations, Quebec-US relations have encountered numerous difficulties. The Quebec government allows very limited resources to be spent south of the border, although the problems to solve are numerous, the stakes are varied, and the complete political system difficult to grasp. This article demonstrates that Quebec's policy suffers not only from institutional deficiencies, but also due to social factors, which a recent poll brought to the fore—that Quebec's public opinion takes the U.S. for granted and does not pressure the government to improve its representation vis-a-vis its most crucial export market.

Generally, the results-oriented approach caused by the agency relationship encourages in managers opportunistic behaviours which cause organizational deviances. This study aims at analysing the said behaviour in 16 public companies in Cameroon, in view of outlining the conditions to preserve the said approach and reduce the risks caused. The deviances identified such as corruption and embezzlement of public funds is caused by an imbalance between the organization and the institutions. The identification of binding mechanisms for public managers and the control of their behaviours in order to align their interest to that of the State-shareholder were suggested.

Keywords: Relation d'agence, comportements déviants, entreprises publiques, performance, logique de résultats, Agency relationship, deviant behaviours, public enterprises, performance, results-oriented approach, relación de agencia, conductas desviantes, empresas públicas, rendimiento, lógica de los resultados

This article aims to discuss the apparent analogy of urban transportation and mobility policies. By analyzing and comparing four cases, we will specifically discuss the hypothesis of a neoliberal trend which would affect urban policies and assess the capacity of the socio-economic history of territories to produce significant differentiations.

Keywords: Intercommunalités, politiques urbaines, néolibéralisation, transport et déplacements, région urbaine marseillaise, Inter-municipal cooperation, urban policies, neoliberalisation, transportation policies, Marseille urban area, Intercomunales, políticas urbanas, neoliberalización, transporte y locomoción, región urbana marsellesa

My comments on Francis Dupuis-Déri's paper, that tries to reconcile direct actions with deliberative theory, raises a number of questions. First, I wonder why the paper concedes any democratic substance to liberal theories, as these theories have repeatedly rejected all kinds of democratic collective action. In this sense, liberal regimes are not as much elitists as they are oligarchic. Once this clarification is made in the debate, it becomes possible to read F. Dupuis-Déri as contrasting two distinct visions of the world, one encouraging the expansion of the market in all spheres of life and the other demanding a more egalitarian world. The question of populism then becomes essential in trying to understand the reasons why a group is portrayed as being violent and anti-democratic. It is therefore important to properly name these types of phenomena and, in particular, to understand the nature of oligarchic liberal regimes if one wishes to bring legitimacy to direct actions.