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Inequalities in access to quality food are a marker of contemporary societies. By confirming them, the COVID-19 crisis has also given greater visibility to food solidarity initiatives aimed at reducing these inequalities by relying in particular on short food chains and local food. In this article, after presenting the two main approaches to these initiatives in the literature, we propose an interdisciplinary analytical framework that allows us to question them as concrete economies, embedded in social relations, rooted in territories and participatory, shaped in part through their relations with public policies. We apply this framework to a wide range of initiatives identified in France in 2020 and thus show a diversity of strategies implemented to facilitate access to quality food for people in precarious situations, while highlighting the associated difficulties. While combining certain strategies can help reach more precarious people, food solidarity initiatives do not have the capacity to provide access to quality food for all. We then conclude on the universalist perspective opened up by the social security for food project, as a political narrative federating a diversity of actors and initiatives, but also giving rise to debates, on a national scale and through local experiments.

Keywords: accès à l'alimentation, précarité, stratégies, circuits courts, politiques publiques, access to food, precariousness, strategies, short food supply chains, public policies

Health impact assessment (HIA) is a growing practice in France, driven by the shared desire of cities and regional health institutions to work together for a better health and reduction in social health inequities. HIA aims to identify the potential health impacts of policies and projects before they are implemented and suggest proposals that can mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts. The objective of this article is to understand and estimate how HIA can incorporate health in urban policies.

Keywords: démocratie, évaluation d'impact sur la santé, participation citoyenne, politiques urbaines, santé, urbanisme, Democracy, health impact assessment, civic participation, urban policies, urban planning

ResearchFramework: The publication of the New Brunswick Family Plan and the Early Learning and Child Care Action Plan sparked interest in understanding how family issues are considered in New Brunswick public policies. Objectives: This article examines the mechanisms and issues of New Brunswick's family policy. We first describe the New Brunswick Family Plan to underscore family policy provisions. Next, we examine the principles and implications of these provisions for families. Methodology: The study is based on a mixed methodology. On the one hand, a qualitative analysis of documents provides an understanding of the evolution and recent changes in New Brunswick's family policy. On the other hand, a literature review helps to characterize it and to understand how its new provisions may affect families. Some facts are illustrated with quantitative data. Results: New Brunswick's family policy clearly targets low-income families in order to offset the economic cost of children, encourage work and facilitate work/family reconciliation. The New Brunswick Early Learning Centre designation allows for childcare costs to be controlled and will surely have an impact on families, especially low-income and single-parent families. The low coverage rate of licenced child care will undoubtedly limit this impact. Conclusions: Child care is dominating the current orientation of New Brunswick's family policy. The challenge for the province will be to increase the coverage rate of child care services to contemplate creating a network of higher quality services universally accessible and affordable for all families by 2030. Contribution: By analyzing New Brunswick's family policy, this article contributes to understanding its current mechanisms and its implications for families.

Keywords: éducation, famille, garde des enfants, Nouveau-Brunswick, petite enfance, soutien à la famille, travail, education, family, child care, New Brunswick, early childhood, family support, work

AbstractBetween nation and ethnic group, official language communities in a minority context in Canada are often indecisive in their identity quest. The article proposes the cultural autonomy model as a framework to analyze the identity struggles and the vitality of these communities and focuses on two elements of cultural autonomy in reference to one of these official language groups, the Francophone and Acadian communities. Following an analysis of political mobility and of the governance structures of these communities, it is observed that the prevalent governance models based on a partnership with the State do not seem to mobilize the communities and may even infringe upon their involvement in a cultural autonomy process necessary for their community vitality.

In 2007, the first University Diploma (DU) in "civil and civic training" was created, open to all, but designed specifically for Muslim religious leaders. These leaders may be called upon to perform the duties of chaplains in the armed forces, prisons and hospitals. In 2017, it was made compulsory for future chaplains who wanted to be paid. What was the situation of this public education policy in 2017, what were its difficulties? The minimum hourly volume is 125 hours and the teaching covers three main areas: institutions of the Republic and secularism, major principles of religious law, and the human and social sciences of religions. In 2017, 34% of the total number of students were Muslim religious leaders and 20% of them were seconded from Algeria. Integration and prevention of radicalisation are the stated objectives of the Ministry of the Interior. The difficulties encountered are technical in terms of finding suitable timetables, pedagogical in terms of the disparity in the level of students and political in terms of other religions which do not feel concerned. After a period of reluctance on the part of public universities, the development of these DUs is nevertheless a success, without which people of different convictions and conditions would not have had the opportunity to meet.

L’objectif du présent mémoire est double. D’une part, il cherche à identifier les facteurs qui permettent au gouvernement canadien et aux peuples autochtones de s’entendre sur des politiques publiques, malgré la persistance d’une logique coloniale. Nous verrons que l’atteinte d’une entente est conditionnelle à la légitimité du processus d’élaboration de la politique publique d’un point de vue autochtone. D’autre part, ce travail invite à penser le processus d’élaboration des politiques publiques comme espace potentiel d’autodétermination. Étant donné la malléabilité des règles qui encadrent l’élaboration des politiques publiques en contexte canadien, le gouvernement – s’il en a la volonté - peut modeler le processus d’élaboration de façon à le rendre plus égalitaire et donc plus légitime d’un point de vue autochtone. Il sera démontré que, dans …

In the face of climate change and increasing flood risks, the discourse on spatial resilience is intensifying. However, it reveals several operational limits. Urban projects ultimately tend to blur the differences in urban development facing flooding. When resilience is implemented, restrictions are negotiated and lowered in order to build as close as possible to the classic conditions. Urban production in flood-prone areas takes flooding into account at a minimum. Based on the framework of analysis of public policy resources, the article will speak of “false assumptions” to underline the initial misunderstanding that presents flooding as an insurmountable constraint, made up of blocking rules and additional costs, whereas operations in flood-prone areas have strengths. Few research studies question the “market” rationale in the balance of power, whereas the market logic in fact tends to attenuate the characteristics of urban production in flood-prone areas.

Keywords: Production urbaine, prévention des inondations, politiques publiques, ressources, logiques de marché, Urban Production, Flood Prevention, Public Policy, Resources, market rationale