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3689.More information
SummaryThe author's principal proposition is that the central objective of sociological analysis is the relationships between synchrony and diachrony, between modes of social production of societal types and modes oí development of particular societies. In this perspective the author presents various concepts relative to social action systems and to their components : historicity, in itself the basis of class relations, and politico-institutional and organizational systems. Others concepts are introduced to permit the author to identify the functioning areas of a society : regional theories of reproduction, of crisis and of change complement the theory of social action systems. This set of concepts produces a structural synchronie analysis of the general types of societies, seen as levels within an historical analysis including various forms of social movements and class relations. The author then studies the question of change, analyzing exogenous factors in a particular society, before attacking the question of the State as agent of intersocial relations, as well as of change and transformation and of order and reproduction. Finally, he asserts that it is the analysis of class relations, precisely because they are at once relations of production and of reproduction, which permits us to bring together the analysis of structure and of change in the ruling classes of a society and of the State. Touraine sees a possible application of this theory in dependent societies, Quebec in particular, where class actions, struggle against national domination and conflicts brought on by modernization appear dislocated.
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3690.More information
Joan of Arc, the famous Maid of Orleans, had an unusual historical fate. She joins in the pantheon the greatest figures of French history. Moreover, the Catholic Church, which had once condemned her, made her a saint in 1920. French Canada discovered Joan of Arc at the turn of the century through the press, an abundance of literature, theater and through song. The Catholic clergy made her a patriotic ideal. From then on, her image was annexed to nationalism and the defense of linguistic and religious rights of French Canadians. Feminism has also taken hold of her, the name «Jeanne d'Arc» has become popular and monuments have been erected and, in churches, her statues have been offered for popular devotion. This article evokes the passage of the Johannine figure from France to French-speaking America in the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century.
Keywords: Jeanne d'Arc, Église catholique, Patriotisme français, Langue française, Canada français, Féminisme, Commémoration, Joan of Arc, Catholic Church, French Patriotism, French Language, French Canada, Feminism, Commemoration