Documents found
-
3862.
-
3863.More information
In its earliest economic form, money and the means for exchanging it took the oldest form of swapping : barter, which in time gave way to metal coins and then, much later, was replaced by ethereal electronic or “e-money”. During each evolutionary stage, the acceptance of money has rested upon the confidence of mediating economic agents. Such confidence may be market-based or backed by government, as when money is issued by a public authority. While this diachronic profile appears at each stage in the development of money, it becomes most obvious in the evolution of paper money and e-money. This paper sets forth a description of the origins of e-money and analyzes the phenomenon of this specific form of monetary evolution in order to better understand and anticipate the trail that e-payments will eventually blaze over the Internet.
-
3864.More information
The principles of effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, responsibility and accountability originating from a rejuvenation in public governance act as a catalyst to revise the classic theme of good government. Contemporary public law provides, however, a more subtle portrait of sound government principles issuing from administrative law, political science and management. The integration of these principles into national constitutions represents a new development towards a more protective approach that often exceeds the means furnished to judges in most national systems of law. If the principles of sound administration are associated with the field of administrative law whose function it is to delimit jurisdictional control, there are on the other hand numerous principles closer to the notion of good governance seen from the perspective of accountability. A comprehensive survey reveals that the concerns of public authorities were first drawn to the development of mechanisms for controlling the executive function, while the development of consequential principles arrived later. The choice of mechanisms and principles illustrates a net convergence with the formal characteristics of law. This evolution tends towards a quest for greater effectiveness in the contemporary evolution of constitutionalism such that rights, principles and objectives may be applied “differently”, which makes good sense since the ambitions of new public management are “to manage differently”.
-
3866.
-
3867.
-
3868.More information
With the expansion of world globalization, transit migration has come to be seen as one of the most pressing issues facing the nation states. This note takes at its starting point the growing concern among policy makers over the issue of migration, outlining current and future trends in « transit migration ». The note highlights elements of continuity and change in the migration process and question the ability of the states to regulate or stop the flows within artificial borders. The author raises questions about possible future responses to the migration challenge and asks, ultimately, what is the nature of that challenge ?