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AbstractThe Other Side of RehabilitationIn 1973, the municipality of Bologna (Italy) launched a plan to rehabilitate the residential deteriorated parts of the city's historic center, while preserving their social structure. The ethnological survey made in the first renovated part of Old Bologna shows that relocation is perceived by families as the starting point for an upward trajectory which can be followed only by individuals; hence a break in the system of social relations and the appearance of hierarchic order among families. People try in vain to get rid of the feeling that they are an object of social assistance; thus the project and its originators are severely criticized.

SUMMARYPresent conditions would allow women to give birth to about nine children, on the average. Through birth control and family planning, Quebec women experience an average of two pregnancies and give birth to 1,7 children. Sexual life is not reserved any more to married women, and starts at an increasingly early age. The percentage of teenagers experiencing a pregnancy is increasing. The rate of induced abortion is the highest at age 18-24. From the age of 18, more than half of the young women use oral contraceptives. The most educated women have the smallest number of pregnancies; they start their marital and reproductive life later than other women, and declare a larger percentage of induced abortion. Less educated women resort however to sterilization at an earlier age. These are some of the results of a review of the current reproductive life of Quebec's women.

AbstractOver the past ten years, the phenomenon of youth migration has intensified in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean (SLSJ) region, as shown by the negative migration balance of 15%. In addition to the examination of findings based on migration balances, the understanding of migratory movements also requires an analysis of the characteristics of individuals who intend to migrate before they effectively leave their region. Discriminant analysis is used to identify factors associated with the migration intentions of a stratified sample of 1,901 secondary school students in SLSJ. The results confirm that more girls than boys would prefer to live outside the SLSJ upon completion of their studies and also show that the educational aspirations, family relationships and behaviours of students who intend to migrate strongly differ according to gender. This study emphasizes the importance of psychosocial and cultural factors as predictors of migration intentions in secondary school students in SLSJ. One also has to take gender into account in order to fully comprehend the processes underlying youth migration from peripheral regions of Québec.

AbstractThe United Nations has gradually endowed the international community with treaties, agreements or principles engaging the international penal responsibility of individuals, in order to reinforce the respect of the most fundamental human rights and to avoid atrocities, torture or arbitration. Despite these very diversified measures, serious violations keep appearing every day all over the world. The international community only reacts when these violations reach massive, systematic and unbearable proportions. In order to correct the failures of theses mechanisms, an international penal justice was established. Will the international "judiciarisation" of the war criminals through the international penal courts "ad hoc" or through the permanent International Criminal Court be able to compensate for the deficiencies and weaknesses of the national penal systems in the repression of war criminals?

Abstract During the last few decades, observers have noticed a strong toughening of penal policies and practices, especially in the USA. Many, among them David Garland and Loïc Wacquant, have tried to document and explain this punitive turn. This thesis of the “globalisation” of that punitive turn has given rise to a number of reactions and interrogations and has been put into question in Canada. In spite of some efforts to empirically document these modifications, many theoretical discourses on the effects of globalisation are based on too superficial and succinct analysis. That is why, in this article, we emphasize what has happened in this field in Canada in the last half-century, before attempting to highlight the major trends and attempt to outline explanatory hypothesis.

ABSTRACTBased on a recension of texts that appeared regarding infectious diseases in Quebec's medical periodicals of the nineteenth century, this article concludes that the physician's interest in these diseases evolved in four phases between 1826 and 1899. It seeks to explain this through factors pertaining as much to social as to institutional and scientific history. It also illustrates the increasing involvement of Quebec's physicians in their own scientific reviews, emphasizes the growing importance of ideas borrowed from foreign publications and shows significant differences in the volume of production and the distribution of French and English texts. The article also demonstrates that the various infectious pathologies do not share the same visibility and that the interest they arouse varies according to the intrinsic and circumstantial attributes specific to each disease. Globally speaking, this article lays stress on the fact that infections played a shaping role in the institutionalization of the medical profession in the nineteenth century and that it was mainly around these infections that the physicians elaborated their scientific discourse.

ABSTRACTDemographic statistics enable us to measure illegitimate births and premarital conceptions for historical populations thus shedding new light on their patterns of behaviour. The two following research notes provide new results concerning these two phenomena in the St. Lawrence Valley for the period up to 1730. Even though the Church's prohibitions of extra-marital sex were not always respected, only 1.25% of all births were illegitimate and only 6.1% of all first babies were conceived before their parents' wedding. These phenomena, however, did undergo some change over time and distinctions must be made between the behaviour of urban and rural residents. The age and marital status of the mothers are also determinant variables in analysing this behaviour. Finally, it is interesting to note that the seasonal rhythm of extra-marital relations differs substantially from that of married couples, and that infant mortality was much higher among bastards than among legitimate children.

ABSTRACTIn their official communications with the clergy and the faithful of their diocese, Québec bishops addressed many subjects, the press or even cultural matters rarely among them. Documents dealing entirely or partly with the press were published from the middle of the nineteeth century onwards. In these episcopal statements and pastoral or circular letters, the bishops sought to meet two objectives. First, they attempted to stem the influence of specific newspapers of which they disapproved and more generally, of the "bad press"; secondly, they tried to encourage the diffusion of "good" publications and the development of the Catholic press in general. The bishops ' discourse seems to have been well-adapted to the circumstances, in that its authors showed an awareness of their adversaries' strength as well as the support they could expect from their congregation.

AbstractIn mid-summer, 1968, the idea that the hip Yorkville district represented a pox on the face of Toronto became a kind of reality: Hepatitis appeared to be taking over the scene. Throughout the 1960s, Yorkville had been framed as a neighborhood at risk, a symbolically “sick community” by its many detractors. It had been variously described as a “festering sore” and a “madhouse” by city fathers. But with an apparent Hepatitis epidemic came the opportunity to establish Yorkville as a new variety of illness. Yorkville was no longer figuratively sick, it was now quite literally infected. Throughout the month of August, 1968, Yorkville's hip youth culture became the lepers of Toronto. Even though when by September all evidence showed that the Hepatitis rate in Yorkville was in no way indicative of an epidemic – all but two of the Villagers tested turned out to be intravenous drug users, signifying that the disease was being spread through dirty needles, not food or water – the damage was done, and Yorkville's hip scene would never recover. Interrogating this pivotal episode in the Yorkville narrative, this paper explores the role of local media in the acceleration and dissemination of fears associated with a Hepatitis outbreak that, really, never was.

This article confronts mainstream discourses about poverty and inner city poor neighbourhoods. It argues that the ways that poverty and poor inner city neighbourhoods are made publicly known in writing and through visual representations present problems such as overpowering structural causes of health and illness, reifying false dichotomy of us and them, and normalizing people living in poverty or working poor people as de facto vulnerable. This can happen when the social relations that govern poverty and sustain human suffering eschew the social relations that produce these experiences. Taking these relations as the objects of analysis, this article focuses sociologically on the Dundas/Sherbourne neighbourhood in Toronto, Canada, as the terrain of inquiry. The aim here is to contribute to analyses of the political, social, and economic determinants of health as well as to critiques of bad-neighbourhood and bad decision discourses. To do this, it bridges visual practice with critical social analysis: drawing together the authors’ individual practices as visual artists, marshaling their social positions as residents of the adjacent St. James Town neighbourhood, and sharing their experiences of the Dundas/Sherbourne area. They employ insights from sensory ethnography and street photography to offer an alternative source of knowledge about the poor inner city that contrasts and contests mainstream ways of knowing these same spaces.

Keywords: Analyse visuelle, ethnographie des senses, imagination sociologique, organisation sociale des connaissances, pauvreté, photographies de rue, quartiers défavorisés, réduction des méfaits, Toronto