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The Québec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms prohibits, to a certain extent, discrimination against trans* people. However, the Charter does a poor job of covering different facets of gender identity and expression, and of certain resulting situations such as transgender parenting. In response to this shortcoming, and using a positivist approach, this article suggests adding “gender identity” and “gender expression” to the list of defined discriminations that are prohibited under section 10 of the Charter. This would give trans* people better legal “protection”—assuming such protection truly exists. It would also clarify the legal situation. To support this assertion, the author examines the prohibition of discrimination against trans* people, revealing that the concepts of “sex” and “civil status” are central to the issue. However, because of how they are interpreted, these concepts cannot fully and explicitly encompass the situation of people who do not adhere to gender stereotypes. In this regard, the Québec legal system is therefore incapable of completely and explicitly prohibiting discrimination against trans* people. Given this shortcoming, the article subsequently suggests adding “gender identity” and “gender expression” to the list of defined discriminations. Such an amendment to the Charter, which is being applied increasingly elsewhere in Canada, would compensate for the problem described above. While its tangible effects would be difficult to measure given that having true “protection” against discrimination is somewhat of a myth, the author nevertheless submits that such an amendment would be an appropriate step.

Keywords: discrimination, état civil, expression de genre, identité de genre, sexe, transgenre, transphobie, transsexuel, discrimination, civil state, gender expression, gender identity, sex, transgender, transphobia, transsexual

Gangs are often assumed to be a largely male phenomenon – almost emblematic of male defiance. However the best available data suggest that at least one quarter of the youth in gangs are girls. This article reviews the gendered theoretical legacy of traditional gang research and suggests that it is necessary to look at gangs through the lens of gendered pathways research and Black feminist criminology. It then explores the contexts that lead girls to gang membership, focusing on research that intentionally considers gender and race. Critical to this discussion of girls in gangs is the role of victimization, particularly sexual victimization, in both causes and consequences of girls' involvements with such groups. Other themes that emerge are the key roles that family tension and disunity play in girls joining gangs, the role that girl's relationships with gang members play in their choice to join gangs, the role that substance abuse plays (and the ways this uniquely exposes girls to risk for victimization), and finally the ways that deteriorated schools and violent neighborhoods tend to push girls into gangs.

Keywords: Gangs, genre, ethnicité, victimisation, trajectoires de vie, Gangs, gender, ethnicity, victimization, life trajectory, Pandillas, género, etnicidad, victimizaciòn, trayectorias de vida

Several authors have shown that gamblers are more involved in delinquency than nongamblers and that there is an association between the severity of gambling and delinquency. However, current knowledge is limited regarding this relationship among adolescents, especially among young girls. Furthermore, these studies reveal very little regarding the types of offences committed by young male and female gamblers according to their gambling profiles. As part of a study on Internet gambling, 1870 students in secondary 3, 4 and 5 were recruited in schools from three Quebec regions. The DSMIVMR-J (Fisher, 2000) and MASPAQ (Le Blanc, 2010) instruments were used to measure the youths' gambling habits and deviant behaviours. The objective of this article is to : 1 – draw a portrait of the gambling habits of the girls and boys in the sample ; and 2 – examine the relationships between gambling severity, Internet gambling and deviant behaviours, separately according to the gender of the youths in the sample. The main results show that gambling severity is linked to both clandestine and manifest deviant behaviours among male and female gamblers alike. Internet gambling among male and female gamblers is associated with a higher severity score for some clandestine and manifest deviant behaviours.

Keywords: Délinquance, jeunes, jeux de hasard et d'argent, Internet, Delinquency, youth, gambling, Internet, Delincuencia, jóvenes, juegos de azar y de dinero, Internet

Massively multiplayer online game, virtual worlds where hundreds of thousands of players compete through epic quests, are becoming increasingly popular. Because of their popularity and their influence, they bring a range of major social changes, especially in terms of deviant behavior, and criminal offenders. In this paper, we will see how we can understand those universe and how deviant, delinquent and criminal acts are conducted through them.

Keywords: Jeux vidéo, délinquance, Internet, cyberespace, criminalité informatique, cybercriminalité, hackers, Video Games, Delinquancy, Internet, Cyberspace, Computer crime, Cybercriminality, Hackers, Juegos de video, delincuencia, Internet, ciberespacio, criminalidad informática, cibercriminalidad, hackers

In this article, the author presents a theoretical and empirical reflection on the engagement of women for equality within the United Nations system. She briefly presents theoretical considerations that aim to grasp transformations underway on the international scene. She recalls a few historical moments of the treatment of women's rights within the UN in order to illustrate some struggles lead by women, women's groups and other non governmental organizations to transform sexist, heterosexist and racist institutions. Finally, she comments some aspects of discourses present in the NGO Forum's positions and the Programme of action of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing 1995. She concludes with some elements that could constitute "cracks" of the deployment of capitalist globalization which could lead to its transformation.

Keywords: femmes, droit, Nations Unies, mouvements de femmes, mondialisation, biopouvoir, organisations non gouvernementales, hétérosexisme, racisme, sexisme.gement des femmes pour l'égalité au sein des Nations Unies

SummaryThis article offers a critical reading of the main socio-spatial representations employed in scholarly literature to characterize the spatial practices of youths. Four epistemological presuppositions are identified: space as a resource for interaction, as a natural area, as a container, as a category-specific delimitation. While all the authors note the existence of a link between urban youth practices and their socialization desires, the spatial problematic has two epistemological biases: 1) urban space acts as an environment producing background effects; and 2) the relationship to space is the direct product of social action through the projection of its organization onto a spatial signifier. The effect of this shift is to designate urban space with the help of metaphors that reduce spatial reality to an interstice, a territory, a scenery, a material constraint, a container, or a resource.

Keywords: représentation sociospaciales, pratiques urbaines juvéniles, limites épistémologiques, socio-spatial representations, urban youth practices, epistemological limits, representaciones socio-espaciales, prácticas urbanas juveniles, límites epistemológicos

This article analyses the articulation of those fantasies and autobiographical elements – i.e. dreams and facts – present in Le baobab fou (“The mad baobab”). Strategic oppositions help make differences the thrust behind a stronger unification of the various constituents of a given element. Fantasies and real life thus both express the same significance of man's fusion of his imaginary life and his forays into the material world. Thus, in spite of its transcendental nature, exploring a fantasy can only fail. As it follows the traveller throughout the geography of his life, Le baobab fou seeks to paint a story without becoming the chronological narrative the associated similarities raised through its thematic evolution could lead it to be. Far from being constant, the drift focuses on moments in life. The wondrous staging of a real-life event is intertwined with fantasies going through the mind behind the oneiric dream, word-painting an entire new world and thus creating the supernatural that is our escape from the real world and the answer to our frustrations, while reminding us that we cannot flee for good.

Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes's (1884-1974) literary legacy is well established with regard to his activities as poet, polemicist and playwright working within the Dada movement. His importance as a novelist, however, remains to be acknowledged. In order to contribute to the (re)discovery of this atypical French writer, who managed to remain faithful — but not enslaved — to Dada's subversive and liberating spirit, the present contribution offers a new reading of Céleste Ugolin (1926), a novel which constantly alternates between indifference and aggressivity, and its affinities with the works by Alfred Jarry (1874-1907). Inspired by Jarry's ultramodern ideas of literature, Ribemont-Dessaignes implements a binary logic of destruction and reconstruction. More than a study in literary influences, this paper seeks to establish Ribemont-Dessaignes's place among important early twentieth-century novelists like Aragon, Cendrars and Camus.