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This article is based on the assumption that the association between poverty and child neglect is not always positive, even though many studies say otherwise. It shows results from both quantitative and qualitative analyses. A mixed method was used to examine the characteristics that could intervene in the variations of the association between poverty and neglect rates in Quebec's CLSC territories. Cluster analysis and ANOVAS allowed us to determine three groups of territories. They differed in terms of each other by poverty, single-headed families, large families and high population transiency. The group with the highest rates of poverty and neglect was selected for qualitative analyses because these two variables were surprisingly negatively associated. Inside this group, three territories were chosen: Parc Extension, Centre-Sud and Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. They showed the same poverty level (very high) but different neglect rates. Practioners in each territory were interviewed about their perceptions on the people living in the territory, the social environment and the neglect situations. The territories seemed to have the same characteristics on the intervention process but they showed differences in terms of the territory characteristics and the people who live in, related to child neglect or not. Interpretations about these variations were exposed in the discussion. Methodological strenghts and limitations with the implications for the prevention and the research were also discussed.

Keywords: négligence parentale, pauvreté, méthode mixte, multiethnicité, signalements, child neglect, poverty, mixed method, multiethnicity, reports

This article explores how night-time can be studied as a concept that modifies and shapes one's experience of the city and their access to it. For women, does using the nocturnal urban space equates to a lack of right to the city? Can we even discuss a night-time right to the city through a gendered approach? In order to answer these questions, we analyze two Mexican neighbourhoods: Santa Anita (Puebla) and Santo Domingo de los Reyes (Mexico City). We used a mixed-method approach: observation, nocturnal explorations, and semi-structured interviews with people living in either neighbourhood. In both case studies, we explore the notion of a right to the city at night, especially for women. We also analyze informal night-time practices and services specific to local contexts, which allow night-time access for inhabitants and users of these urban spaces.

Keywords: Nuit, droit à la ville, genre, pratique quotidienne, Night, right to the city, gender, daily practices, Noche, derecho a la ciudad, género, práctica diaria

This article is composed of two interdependent parts. In the introduction to the first part, education for democratic citizenship in a global perspective (EDCGP) is defined as the framework of a pedagogy for critical consciousness and engagement (PCE). A synthesis of the multiple and complex problems of the modern world on human, social and environmental scales is presented with, in counterpart, a portrait of the forces that are active in meeting these challenges. A reflection on the importance of EDCGP serves as an introduction to an analysis of factors often causing education to lead to the kinds of consciousness that would not contribute to the solving of contemporary problems, and to a reflection on the importance of education leading to critical consciousness or ‘literacy’ and an ethical sense of responsibility in relation to these problems. The second part defines and describes the pedagogy for critical consciousness and engagement. The terms, ‘critical consciousness’, ‘engagement’ and ‘PCE’ are defined, and the transversality of objectives and classification criteria of critical consciousness contents are explained. There is then a description of PCE characteristics and an analysis of obstacles to critical consciousness. By way of synthesis, limits and risks of the PCE are analysed and a description is provided of the potential contributions of this pedagogy to the transformation of the person and of society.

During recent decades there has been an important movement of conversions of indigenous peoples in Mexico to various protestant churches, namely Pentecostal. This trend has been interpreted by scholars either as a loss of Indian identity due to outside forces (e.g., Hvalkof and Aaby), or as its redefinition and even its strengthening in a context of modernity (Bastiat). Data collected in the montaña of Guerrero (Mexico) suggest that conversions are part of a wider process of decomposition/recomposition of indigenous identities in this region.

The essay indicates in which way Charles Taylor and Michael Walzer’s democratic and open-minded liberalism 2 could partially accommodate the reproduction of Indigenous cultures within the Canadian federal nation-state. However, it also uses examples from a Canadian Indigenous tradition to illustrate how some key cultural traits which involve questions of divergent morality would not be readily accepted by liberalism 2. Thus, in this respect, even liberalism 2 constitutes a fetter for world cultural democracy. Finally, taking into account the culturally defined morality of liberal democracies, it indicates in which way human rights, which are presented as the bedrock of any democracy, are not culturally neutral and rest, in fact, on a univocal definition of the good life, which, in turn, leads to ethnocentrism.

Contacts between Atikamekw and Canadian settlers in Mauricie from 1870 to 1910 have not been studied thoroughly until now. These contacts had three important social and cultural consequences. First of all, they caused the cohabitation of the two groups in villages of the maurician frontier, as some Atikamekw may sometimes have lived there. Secondly, Canadian settlers working as employees in the trading posts often united with native women, resulting in the existence of a “métis” phenomenon. Thirdly, contacts with native people contributed to the differentiation of the settlers from the people living in the Saint-Laurent Valley. This paper shows the necessity of studying these phenomena, despite the difficulties of often using too vague sources and despite the fluidity of the métis concept in Eastern Canada.

Since 2014 and the unexpected discovery of nuggets in the Saharan part of Niger, a feverish race towards the search for gold mobilizes tens of thousands of nomads, rural and urban, who have become gold diggers and come from Niger as well as from neighbouring or more distant countries. Sudden, massive and cosmopolitan, but also moving, sometimes violent and located in sparsely or uninhabited areas, gold mining is largely informal, i.e. often considered illegal but tolerated. Initially artisanal, it is becoming more and more mechanized, even industrial. The aim of this article is to analyse the spectacular development of gold mining in the north of Niger in order to draw up an initial provisional assessment six years after it began and, above all, to highlight the main challenges ahead. Our analysis is the result of several fact-finding missions in the field in 2018 and 2019, to meet the various players in this extractive rush. Contrary to the exploitation of other mining resources such as uranium, gold mining has the particularity of being very little monopolized by both multinational mining companies and the state, which is largely outmoded and cautious. Our approach will consider the rush as an exemplary case of setting up a complex, mobile and evolving system of resource predation exercised by multiple actors. We will address the transformations of informal and concerted regulation mechanisms between actors that took place during the different phases of the rush that we will qualify. If this rush produces major social, economic and political changes in a particularly unstable Saharan space, we will also discuss the disastrous and largely underestimated environmental and health effects. For this rush is symptomatic of what is happening on a wider scale and according to similar logics in the Sahara and the northern Sahel, where a vast pioneering nebula of gold exploitation has been spreading for the past ten years or so from the shores of the Red Sea to the Atlantic. More generally, the various features of the spectacular development of gold mining north of Niger that we will highlight make it a gold rush comparable in some respects and to some extent to the Californian model of the mid-nineteenth century. Without having too general an ambition to characterize the features common to any gold rush, we will nevertheless propose some avenues for reflection in this direction, distinguishing in particular three phases of gold rushes based on the case of the contemporary Nigerian Sahara.

Keywords: ruée vers l'or, orpaillage, extractivisme, front pionnier, Niger, Sahara, gold rush, gold mining, extractivism, pioneer front, Niger, Sahara