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According to the Supreme Court, section 43 of the Criminal Code, which provides that parents and teachers may use reasonable force in correcting a child without facing criminal charges, does not offend the child's dignity. While children may not enjoy the same protection generally afforded adults, it must be understood that this difference in treatment is not based on a notion of lesser consideration for them. The correspondence factor invoked by the majority of the Court in the decision under discussion has enabled it to arrive at this somewhat questionable conclusion. In the present comment, the writer attempts to demonstrate that in Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law case, this contextual factor originally intended to promote substantive equality as opposed to formal equality, in reality attains less lofty goals. Because it is diverted from its primary purpose, the correspondence factor actually compromises the analytical separation of sections 15(1) and 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms by conveying the notion that equality cannot exist independently of legislative objectives and consequently of distinctions perceived as relevant. By taking the correspondence factor as a starting point, the writer seeks to establish that it can and should be reformulated to respect the spirit of section 15(1) of the Charter.

The letters of Louise Couture (1837-1916) preserved in the Fonds Famille Landry 1826-1975 at the Archives nationales in Montréal tell the story of a young French Canadian woman who marries a merchant supplying the California gold rush as a means of acquiring funds for her family. This paper uses a close reading of family correspondence networks to discover a gendered practice of remittance in which Louise navigated the restrictions of marriage and class while attempting to supplement the failing finances of her family back in Quebec. Borrowing Rosental's frame of “espace-ressources” and “espace investi”, our analysis adds a micro-historical perspective and gendered preface to recent demographic research on French Canadians in the West in the late 19th century.

Keywords: transfert monétaire, correspondance, migration, éducation, ruée vers l'or, mariage, veuvage, remittance, correspondence, migration, education, gold rush, marriage, widowhood

This multiple case study aims at better understanding Youth Mental Health Care dedicated to refugee families. We collect qualitative data with 8 refugee families and their health care professionals. Our analysis reveals two tendencies in the health care dynamics. Well-coordinated care seemed to contribute to recreating the social bonds for refugee families, who suffered from collective violence. However, institutional violence may contribute to the original traumatic experience for refugee children. Results are discussed within the ethno psychiatry and social suffering conceptual frameworks.

Keywords: familles réfugiées, santé mentale jeunesse, violence institutionnelle, trauma, refugee families, youth mental health, institutional violence, trauma

La plupart des infections par le VIH-1 sont acquises lors de rapports hétérosexuels. En Afrique subsaharienne on observe 71 % des infections mondiales et 60 % des nouvelles infections par le VIH-1 touchent les femmes. Le tractus génital féminin (TGF) constitue la principale porte d’entrée pour le VIH-1 et joue un rôle important dans la défense de l’organisme contre les microorganismes pathogènes tout en maintenant une tolérance de la flore commensale. On y trouve les cellules épithéliales qui participent à l’élaboration des réponses immunes en collaboration avec les cellules dendritiques (DCs), mais également d’autres types de cellules immunitaires qui confèrent une protection à la muqueuse vaginale, notamment à travers la production de cytokines et de chimiokines. Nous avons établi une cohorte de travailleuses du sexe …

This article focuses on the construction of autonomy in organizational contexts. The aim of the research is to compare autonomy demands and the support practices within two community housing resources for dependency – two living environments – with contrasting intervention philosophies: abstinence and harm reduction. Theoretically, the study draws on research regarding identity construction in institutional contexts that highlights the importance of narratives, norms, and organizational structures in identity formation. More specifically, we use the concept of formula stories to illuminate the construction of the «accompanied» and «accompanying» figures within the narratives used by the staff to give meaning of their daily work. Employing ethnographic methods, including semi-structured interviews with staff and participatory observation sessions, we identified two common forms of autonomy in both resources: "functional" and "self-managed". Functional autonomy is defined as the ability to fulfill responsibilities within a (micro-)society and requires adherence to its norms and regulations. Self-managed autonomy, on the other hand, aims at the management of the therapeutic journey by the service user and independent functioning from staff. The study highlights the paradoxes of the demand for autonomy in dependency intervention within housing resources, particularly in the context of a crisis touching community-based organisations. By offering a dynamic and nuanced perspective of autonomy, it contributes to shedding light on its organizational feasibility conditions.

Keywords: autonomie, dépendance, récits, organisme communautaire, ressources d'hébergement, autonomy, dependancy, narratives, community-based organisation, housing

Justice-involved women living with mental health problems are at greater risk of being exposed to potential traumatic events throughout their lives. This increases the risk of developing complex trauma which raises the number of difficulties they face, and complexifies their process of desistance from crime. This exploratory qualitative study looks at the links between complex trauma and desistance among justice-involved women aged 18 to 24 with mental health problems, by identifying the impact trauma symptoms on their criminal career and their desistance processes. The goal is to contribute to the development of a desistance-aimed and trauma informed practice adapted to the needs of these women.

Keywords: trauma complexe, désistement assisté, femmes, santé mentale, trajectoire criminelle, complex trauma, assisted desistance, women, mental health, criminal carrier

Group psychotherapy theories have emerged from social problems of different periods and a great number of group theories and practices have unfolded from that. When combined with individual therapy, benefits are undeniable.  Supported by an experience of seven years with clients who were treated with a combination of group and individual psychotherapy, the authors want to illustrate the optimal benefits that clients can get by being in conjoint individual and group therapy. Group psychotherapy promotes personal liberation as well as social skills and responsibility. The theoretical frame of reference is basically existential/humanistic, supported by recent discoveries of the affective neurosciences.

Keywords: psychothérapie de groupe, psychodrame, dynamique de groupe, théorie du champ, Gestalt thérapie, approche existentielle/humanist, group psychotherapy, psychodrama, group dynamics, field theory, Gestalt therapy, existential/humanistic approach

The goal of this paper is to discuss the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the decentralized digital currencies in Africa, a region that serves as an incubator for innovations in the decentralized finance sector, but remains somewhat excluded from the field of academic research on these same issues. In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of the cryptocurrency market (particularly with regard to the categories and underlying technologies), this article relies on a SWOT analysis that draws some lessons and long-term perspectives while respecting the diversity of local and international concerns. It emerges that the popularity of the BASI-coins is built on a triple illusion: that of disintermediation, that of security and that of independence: miners remain essential, and oligopolies are being reconstituted in the cryptosphere which, from this point of view, does not differ from the traditional finance. In addition, even if the macro-financial framework of African countries seems de facto to lend itself to their adoption, it should be noted that their implementation requires addressing several challenges: both in terms of infrastructure (electricity/Internet access) and technology as well as institutional. Moreover, BASI-coins could compete with (future) sovereign digital currencies (Govcoins), and their widespread adoption could destabilize the financial systems due to pressure on foreign exchange reserves.

Keywords: BASI-coins, Cryptomonnaies, SWOT, Afrique, BASI-coins, Cryptocurrencies, SWOT, Africa

In the post-COVID-19 context, both France and Spain are adapting to the evolving expectations of tourists, particularly in relation to environmental responsibility and the diversification of leisure and business activities. This comparative analysis of France’s and Spain’s tourism strategies towards 2030 focuses on the sustainability of tourism practices and the challenges posed by overtourism and the management of visitor flows. The comparison draws upon both statistical analysis and qualitative coding based on national tourism strategic plans. Spain’s approach centres on the adaptation of its territories and the diversification of its tourism offerings, notably through the integration of soft mobility practices. France, by contrast, emphasises enhanced competitiveness in response to international rivalry and the extension of international stays through the strategic use of data-driven marketing. Spain’s comprehensive strategy proposes a new climate-responsive planning-policy framework aimed at transforming the sector while promoting social and territorial equity. France, meanwhile, places particular emphasis on major international events, such as the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games. From the global to the local scale, there is a marked shift in national tourism governance towards the explicit integration of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.

Keywords: tourisme, stratégie, développement durable, planification climato-touristique, Espagne, France, tourism, strategy, sustainability, climate-responsive planning, Spain, France