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SUMMARYIn most studies on the relationships between women's status and rural urban migration, African women are depicted as the passive agents or the victims of decisions made by their fathers and husbands. But times are changing. Rural urban migration can be a component of women's status. Women are now better educated, even in rural Africa, and better integrated into the modern way of life, and it is likely that they will be more and more engaged in rural Io urban migration in the next future. But in order to be integrated in the urban way of life and improve their living conditions, they need to be better skilled and/or have financial capital. Therefore, instead of implementing policies to avoid migration, policy makers must develop comprehensive strategies taking this migration dimension into account, in order to improve women's status.

The principal focus of early Bytown, before it became the City of Ottawa and the capital of Canada, was the area now known as Lower Town. The elevation of the city's status led to a refocussing of development in the Centre Town area, south of Parliament, and Lower Town ultimately subsided into a classic 'zone of discard.' In recent years, such zones of discard in many North American cities have experienced a considerable renaissance, since they typically possess the oldest buildings remaining in the city and, as such major resources. This paper examines the evolution of Clarence Street, and puts its contemporary change into perspective; the focus is primarily upon the commercial section of the street. The central thesis to emerge from the paper is that the functional change now occurring in such revitalizing 'discard' areas does not necessarily imply a total change in their socioeconomic environment, and in particular their pattern of socioeconomic control.

From Nuremberg to The Hague, a hiatus existed between the implication of individuals and moral persons in the commission of crimes against humanity and the possibility to bring into play the responsibility of these two categories of actors. This gross asymmetry between the responsibility of the individual and the irresponsibility of the moral person translated the diffuse sentiment that the veil of the moral personality was a ticket of accession to impunity. The adoption by the International Law Commission (ILC), in 2017, of the draft articles on crimes against humanity, whose one of the major innovations is the responsibility of moral persons, marks a change of paradigm. However, the efficiency of this major turn requires a definition of a proper model of imputation and harmonisation of the sanction. To define proper imputation criteria implies an objective overtaking of the conception of the imputation solely based on the human substratum to subjectively elaborate a proper guilt on collective beings articulated around the failures of the entity's organization or in the duty of controlling the behaviours of members of the entity. The draft of the ILC leaves the care to States to choose the sanction. The option of an alternative to the sanction presents numerous inconvenience which requires the elaboration of rules of global and coherent competence. The rules of competence retained by the ILC have a vocation to seize the actions performed by individuals, they are silent when the author is a moral person. It is therefore important to define rules of competence likely to fail the territoriality and to enforce the direct responsibility of moral persons. In this regard, the choice of a concurrent competence between the jurisdictions of the State of origin of the parent company and those of the host State of the subsidiary seems relevant.

AbstractThis article describes the evolution of drug use between 1997 and 2003 in HIV-negative men who have sex with men living in the Montreal region, according to age and HIV risk-taking behaviours. Data come from Omega, a longitudinal study on the incidence and on the psychosocial determinants of HIV infection among these men. Participants completed a questionnaire every six months and data are from the first follow-up visit. Trends analyses by calendar period were done and a logistic regression model using generalised equations for parameter estimation was generated for each type of drug. Results reveal an increase in cocaine, ecstasy, hallucinogen, speed and GHB use between 1997 and 2003. On the other hand, marijuana, poppers and heroin use do not seem to have change significantly. Men who are younger than 30 years old and who had risky anal intercourse seem to be more likely to have used specific drugs in the same period. This indicates possible transformations in the way of life of these men and these results suggest new challenges for HIV prevention in the gay community.

Keywords: VIH, homosexuels, risques, drogues, évolution, HIV, homosexuals, risk, drugs, evolution, VIH, homosexuales, riesgos, drogas, evolución

The virtual environment available through the internet is an important domain of children's subjective well-being. Widespread usage of information technology brings risks as well as benefits, a topic now under intensive study by professionals in multiple fields. To date there has been a lack of research about the experiences of children from group accommodation settings when navigating the virtual environment. The main goal of the present study, which involved 510 high school students living in dormitories in Split-Dalmatia County, was to determine and document patterns of internet usage and internet addiction, and to examine another internet behavior, cyberbullying. Our results show that 3.73% of the children we studied manifested a severe level of internet addiction, while about one third took part in cyberbullying as victim, perpetrator, or both. An important finding is that children involved with cyberbullying have significantly higher levels of internet addiction, suggesting a relationship between these phenomena. In the second, qualitative, phase of the study, the quantitative research findings were discussed with children, parents, teachers, and staff. Our results enable a better understanding of young people`s behaviors in the online world, and could contribute to the development of educational programs for children and young people and the promotion of evidence-based practice in dormitory settings.

Keywords: virtual environment, online risk behaviors, student dormitories, Croatia, Split-Dalmatia county

Drawing on results from a needs analysis conducted for Maison Interlude House, located in the United Counties of Prescott-Russell (Ontario), this article sheds light onto the challenges faced by six female Francophone participants, survivors of domestic violence. Despite the work of organisations whose mandate is to support them towards autonomy, these young single mothers, living in a semi-rural area within a mostly Anglophone province, often find themselves in a situation where they have little to no choice. Using data from their life stories, information gathered via various organisations working towards the empowerment of this population and a focus group, we underline the difficulties these women face when trying to escape domestic violence, as well as some of the solutions that were identified.

Keywords: Violences conjugales, monoparentalité, minorisation, autonomisation, maternité précoce, récits de vie, Domestic violence, single parenting, minorization, empowerment, early motherhood, life stories

While intersectionality is recognized, according to the wording of Kathy Davis, as a buzzword since last decades, several questions remain about its use to enhance the voice of marginalized women and to transform social practices. The authors present a participatory action-research conducted among a sample of seven street-involved young women from Quebec City area. An analysis of the process, from the scientific criteria of participatory action research, shows how the participants are engaged in reflection on their experience of structural violence and in experimental strategies to prevent, overcome and resist.

Keywords: femmes marginalisées, recherche-action participative, violence structurelle

This article examines the forms of intimate transactions that urban youth in Côte d'Ivoire engage in as a means to mitigate the fragility of their socioeconomic situation. While a deterioration in the socioeconomic integration of youth and a decrease in the age at first union have marked past decades, the field of intimate and romantic relationships represent a privileged vantage point to understand the ways in which the process of socio-generational changes operate. Based on data from an ethnographic field study conducted in an informal settlement of Abidjan, the analysis focuses on the manner in which unmarried female youth relate to the prevailing ideology of heterosexual love and emotional attachment that inform the non-marital and extra-marital relations of their elders.

Keywords: agentivité, changement sociogénérationnel, jeunes, transactions intimes, Côte d'Ivoire

AbstractOf the radical transformations that have been associated with modern China, one of the most significant, historians would agree, is the permeation of the convictions — often with the aid of concepts borrowed from Europe via Japan — that Chinese people are inherently a nation (min zu) and that China is, by extension, a nation-state (guo jia). But as many have noted, the process of adopting and internalizing such convictions was far from linear. Taking as its point of departure the contested nature of the nationalist discourse and drawing particular attention to the border province of Guangxi, this paper seeks not only to identify the logic and fundamental tensions inherent in the construction of the nation (especially from the perspective of a border region) but also to explain why such tensions have continued to plague present-day China.