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3331.More information
Though born a free man, John W. Lindsay at the age of seven was abducted by slave catchers and enslaved in Washington D.C. He eventually landed in Western Tennessee where he made a declaration that he intended to emancipate himself no matter the cost. In order to receive the rights, liberties, and immunities granted to natural-born white men in the United States constitution, Lindsay had to flee to the border town of St. Catharines, Ontario. This article will reconstruct the principally unknown life of Lindsay as he negotiated nations, helped to build a Black community in Canada out of American refugees, and resolved to live in citizenship and equality with his contemporaries.
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3338.More information
Thomas Heywood’s 1607 play, A Woman Killed with Kindness, ends with the protagonist, Frankford, discovering the lute of Anne, the wife he has just banished for adultery. Grieved by the sight of the instrument that he conflates with his marriage and with Anne herself, Frankford exiles the lute along with his wife. When she receives the instrument, Anne plays a lament, then directs her coachman to “go break this lute upon my coach’s wheel, / As the last music that I e’er shall make” (16.69–70). Shortly following the destruction of the lute, Anne dies. Anne’s body and memory, clearly, are inextricably linked to the lute: in the drama, her body is a musical instrument that she can play, that can be played upon, and that can be destroyed. The lute as body metaphor is a common image in early modern English literature, and Heywood both uses and complicates the metaphor. The lute, first, demonstrates Anne’s impossible and paradoxical identity as a chaste wife, noblewoman, and possible prostitute. Moreover, the lute emphasizes Anne’s powerlessness over her own body, particularly her humours. Like other characters in the play, Anne had let her bodily passions control her, but when she breaks the lute, she breaks also her passions’ power over herself and others. Yet when she destroys the lute, she does not abandon music altogether, for music can bring about powerful social harmony. Instead, she plays her own body as a musical instrument, which makes her self-slaughter instructive rather than destructive. Her death is didactic for the audience—both onstage and in the theatre—that gathers around her deathbed, and suggests a variety of means of controlling the passions, some of them more deadly than others. In A Woman Killed with Kindness, Anne’s music is an exemplar of the extraordinary efforts necessary to quell the unruly passions that cause so much of the conflict in the play.
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3339.More information
Victimology, the study of the victim, emerged in the second half of the 20th century as a branch of criminology. Until then criminology was exclusively focused on crime and its perpetrators. But since most crimes are committed against a victim/target the study of the latter offered a holistic approach. It also offered the prospect of transforming the static criminological theories into dynamic theories incorporating the interactions between victim and victimizer and the situational dynamics in confrontational victimizations. The beginnings of Victimology were purely theoretical focusing on the victims of specific crimes, their role and their eventual contribution to the genesis of the crime.In the 1970's the micro approach that characterized early Victimology was eclipsed by a macro approach aimed at assessing the volume of victimization, particularly hidden and unreported victimization. Victimization surveys became quite popular and were carried out regionally, nationally and transnationally. They allowed researchers to collect a vast amount of data on crime victims and yielded some very interesting as well as some unexpected findings. The last decades of the 20th century witnessed a major transformation in Victimology. The Victimology of the act gave way to a Victimology of action. The ideological transformation of victimology from the study of the victim into the art of helping victims, the over-identification with crime victims, and the missionary zeal with which the 'interests' of those victims are defended and pursued are quite manifest in victimology conferences and symposia.The missionary zeal exhibited by many victimologists on behalf and in the interest of crime victims is fraught with danger. First, it is jeopardizing the quality of scholarship and the scholarly stance of the discipline of victimology. As a result, victimology is increasingly being regarded as a humanitarian and ideological movement rather than a scientific discipline. Secondly, missionary zeal and partisan stance are moving criminal law and the criminal justice system into a punitive, retributive direction. There is also a third danger. Since the victim lobby has chosen to focus on traditional crimes rather than white-collar crime or acts of abuse of power, there has been a distinct shift of focus in research to the former type at the expense of the latter. Victims of white-collar crime, corporate crime and abuse of power have once again been relegated to the shadow. More serious still is yet another danger. In the diligent quest for victims' rights there seems to be a manifest or latent willingness to sacrifice offenders' rights. A false contest is thus created between the rights of both groups.So where is victimology heading ? Science and partisanship are incompatible. Once researchers take sides or become advocates they lose their neutrality, their objectivity and their credibility. This is a fundamental principle that should be seriously considered by those well-intentioned criminologists and victimologists who have adopted the cause of crime victims and who claim to speak on their behalf.The future of victimology will thus depend on its ability to return back to its original scientific mission, to shed its ideological mantle and to resume its role as a scholarly discipline and as an integral part of criminology. It is the need to separate research from action and science from activism that dictates that victimology be separated from victim policy. To restore its neutrality and to regain and maintain its scientific integrity victimology will have to detach itself from politics and ideology.
Keywords: Victimologie, victimologie activiste, victimisation, enquêtes de victimisation, victimisation confrontationnelle, victime catalyseuse, victime récidiviste, Victimology, activist victimology, victimization, victim surveys, confrontational victimization, victim precipitation, recidivist victim, Victimología, victimología activista, victimización, encuestas de victimización, victimización confrontacional, víctima catalizadora, víctima reincidente