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3342.More information
This paper explores the direct and indirect involvement of top businessmen in Vancouver municipal politics from 1886 to 1914. It emphasizes the divergent political aims and roles of large and small entrepreneurs. In Vancouver, unlike Winnipeg, small businessmen rather than the business élite controlled municipal politics. The Vancouver business élite's direct participation in civic politics and indirect influence over municipal decision making were both circumscribed after the initial city-founding period by several factors: business pressures mounted as Vancouver's economy became regionally based, forcing top businessmen to devote their undivided attention to business affairs; limited legislative benefits were to be derived by leading businessmen from formal participation in the day-to-day administration of local government; and voters' deference to business élite views declined once the city's institutional structure had been organized. A government reform movement, aimed at reasserting élite influence in civic politics, was less successful in Vancouver than in many other American and Canadian centres because Vancouver's underlying economic, social and political conditions made reform less necessary.
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3343.More information
The emergence of movie palaces is traced for St. Catherine Street in Montreal, Yonge Street in Toronto, and Granville Street in Vancouver. Beginning in 1896, film shows were included in a range of urban amusement places. When dedicated movie theatres opened by 1906, they were quickly built throughout the city before the downtown "theatre districts" became well defined. Not until about 1920 were first-run vaudeville-movie palaces at the top of a spatial hierarchy of urban film-going, lasting into the 1950s. After outlining the formation of movie palace film-going, the paper notes how the downtown theatres were next to each city's major department store. A theoretical analysis of how amusement and consumption make "being downtown" significant in everyday urban life follows. A review of the social uses of electric lighting and urban amusements finds that movie palace marquees become a symbol for the organization of downtown crowds and consumers into attentive mass audiences. A brief account of the decline of the movie palace, from the 1970s to 2000, concludes by reviewing the outcomes of replacement by multiplex theatres, demolition, or preservation.
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3344.More information
Between 1925 and 1950 most Canadian cities experienced a taxi war during which fares and drivers' incomes plummeted. These wars had their origin in the low barriers to entry into the industry, as it became clear in the late 1920's that motor cabs did not need private concessions, special-built cabs, telephone switchboards and taximeters to make a profit. The older firms that had made these investments were able by 1950 to persuade the larger Canadian cities — including Winnipeg and Vancouver, the two featured here — to introduce the present regulatory regime. The imposition of uniform fares, of taximeters, of minimum wages, of liability insurance, as well as limits on entry into the industry (through the medallion system) ended the taxi wars. The industry thereafter operated in a less chaotic, more ethical way. Yet the new regime also reduced the industry's flexibility, making it less helpful in moving the urban masses.
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3345.
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3346.More information
One of the most striking reactions to the Renaissance codification of literary Italian was the development of dialects as “alternative” literary languages with their own distinct canons. During the seventeenth century, Naples, the undisputed centre of this experimentation, produced a remarkable corpus of original masterpieces by Giambattista Basile, Giulio Cesare Cortese, and others; translations into Neapolitan of Italian and Latin classics, old and new; and linguistic treatises and paratextual materials in praise of Neapolitan. What did this activity mean? How and why did these authors assert their alterity by constructing an ideal poetic community through their Neapolitan works? How did the questioning of the idea of a monolithic literary language relate to a wider interrogation of the traditional system of genres and of the concept itself of literary property? This essay explores these questions by onsidering the role of the supporting materials of paratexts and translations in the construction and legitimization of the Neapolitan corpus.
Keywords: Italy – Naples, Italian literature – 17th century, Italian language – dialects, dialect literature, Baroque literature, translations
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3347.More information
AbstractABSTRACTEthnie power. Concept. Power Locations and Practices against thé State in African Modem/ty. Comparative Analysis of Mourides (Sénégal) and Luba (Congo-Zaïre)The many sided African crisis is above ail a crisis of the modem and exogenous State in so far as it conveys the individualisation process. When analysed from the point of view of endogenous practices and rationality. it reveals formalised practices and a local political culture. With colonisation these two elements, built one on the other. have promoted and reinforced the ethnie power. its organisational structures and practices. as a counter-power opposing the State in post-colonial society. The case studies of Mouride (Senegal) and Luba (Congo-Kinshasa) ethnie power show that the weberian model of the modem State is not a panacea and that the paradigm of "State-civil society" and its current conceptualisation both inhibate attempts to develop new approaches of the State as well as political and historical realities of Africa into a universal and global perspective.Key words : Biaya. ethnicity. counter-power, modem State, civil society. Mourides. Luba
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3349.More information
AbstractThrough the mechanism of pharmaceutical leakage from the medical sphere to drug markets, the ambivalent nature of molecules contributes to the multiple uses of medicines. This article examines diverted uses of Subutex® (high dose buprenorphine – HBD) – currently the most frequently used substitution treatment for opiate dependency in France – by injection drug users (IDUs) in Marseille. Following findings about the necessity of taking into account individual and contextual factors to understand drug trafficking and risky drug consumption, this study began with the working hypotheses that (1) diverted uses of HDB are integrated into pre-existing drug worlds; (2) geographic characteristics are implicated in the reconfiguration of these uses. Data collected through questionnaires on 62 UDI clients of automats for syringe exchange-recuperation in Marseille, a group little known to drug treatment programs, were explored in a series of multiple components analyses, resulting in two paradoxical effects. Diverted HDB appears to be integrated in a configuration of intensive drug use with risky practices characteristic of the very opiate (heroin) it is meant to replace. In a poor, de-industrialized area of Marseille, such uses are associated with the stabilisation of some IDUs, not through social reintegration in accordance with French health drug policy, but through marginal integration, by holding in abeyance a population of older users. Pharmaceutical leakage thus furnishes a heuristic tool for looking beyond the medical gaze and should be useful for better understanding medicines in general.
Keywords: fuitage pharmaceutique, traitement de substitution aux opiacés (TSO), buprénorphine haut dosage, usagers de drogue par voie intraveineuse (UDI), mondes de la drogue, contexte, pharmaceutical leakage, opiate dependance treatment, high dose buprenorphine, injection drug users (UDI), drug worlds, context, fuga farmacéutica, tratamiento de sustitución de opiáceos, buprenorfina a dosis altas (BDA), usuarios de droga por vía intravenosa (UDI), mundos de la droga, contexto