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The family approach has been reported to be the most efficient in drugs and alcohol comsume, mental disorders and misbehaviour among children and adolescents. It has important consequences on the families and their children and allows a type of intervention leading to the promotion of protection factors and the reduction of risk factors and misbehaviour patterns. This work sheds light on the process of adaptation of the Strengthening Families Program in Spain (Orte et al., 2006) and the outcomes of the application of the Program of Family Competences until 2011. The work also shows the results of the longitudinal analysis done in 2012, reporting the maintenance and middle term effects of the participation to the program.

Keywords: prévention, dépendances, compétences familiales, prevention, addiction, family competences, prevención, abusivo, competencia familiar

Alcohol use is linked to approximately 30 % of all fatal traffic crashes. In many jurisdictions, evaluation and treatment programs for offenders are in place to reduce alcohol misuse and recidivism. Due to its brevity, Motivational Interviewing (MI) has captured the attention of the clinical community. This systematic review of the scientific literature examines the effectiveness of MI for secondary and tertiary prevention of driving while impaired by alcohol (DWI) in offenders and in drivers recruited from hospital settings following a traffic crash – with a specific focus directed at young drivers. Search of CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO and PubMed databases covering the 1983−2014 period identified 11 studies that described randomization to experimental and control groups. Bias in results was examined using the Cochrane Collaboration protocol. Meta-analysis was not appropriate given significant disparities between studies. Despite the limited number of studies (n = 6), the findings were judged promising for effectiveness in MI among recidivists and patients seen in hospital settings with alcohol problems. Four of these studies were evaluated to possess moderate or little methodological bias. Results were mixed in studies (n = 5) with young offenders and first-time DWI offenders in which problem alcohol use was not a recruitment inclusion criterion. Only one of these studies possessed little methodological bias. Additional randomized controlled trials conducted and reported according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) Statement are needed to establish MI's effectiveness in secondary and tertiary prevention of DWI in young drivers and first-time offenders. Confirmation is needed for its effectiveness in recidivists and injured patients recruited from hospital settings.

Keywords: consommation d'alcool, conduite avec les capacités affaiblies par l'alcool, traitement, entretien motivationnel, contrevenants et patients, jeunes adultes, alcohol use, driving while impaired by alcohol, treatment, motivational interviewing, offenders and patients, young adults, consumo de alcohol, manejo con las capacidades disminuidas por el alcohol, tratamiento, entrevista motivacional, contraventores y pacientes, jóvenes adultos

This paper summarizes an exploratory analysis of the major employment and placement activities of small and medium-sized businesses. Much of the international data on human resources (HR) in small firms has been reviewed, based on empirical results obtained by several European and North-American surveys. At first, few North-American small firms really use HR planning or job analysis. Some small businesses refer to short term recruitment objectives and prepare job descriptions, but they mostly comply with external obligations. However, this situation slightly differs in France and other countries where these practices are officially ruled or promoted. Secondly, a majority of small firms show little creativity or imagination in their staffing sources, sticking to a few passive or inefficient methods. The selection process is often restricted to the simple analysis of application forms and the use of personal interviews; selection criterias and tests are widely unused; and induction is typically limited to new employees being introduced to work place and peers, except for some participative settings. Finally, an analysis of the formalization level of employment and placement activities emphasizes the renewal of HRM approaches by means of discussing the eventual impacts of new management strategies on most organizations, and more specifically on small and medium-sized businesses.

This research bears on the answers provided by 2278entrepreneurs in 14 countries about their motivation to establish a new enterprise. Preliminary statistical analysis revealed important differences in the way entrepreneurs answer motivation questions (38 of them) and, even more important, in the way certain nationalities gauge the relative importance of motivation factors. To correct these answering modes, the original data were recoded and reclassified according to the personal equation statistical method. Ascending hierarchical classification of the recoded data reveals that motivations are grouped according to three broad regional entities : the Anglo-Saxon Block, the Scandinavian Block, and the Mixed Block which comprises developing countries for the most part. Seven main motivation factors emerge from the rotated Varimax factor analysis of the recoded and reclassified data : need for social recognition, need for selfdevelopment, need for money, needfor independence and autonomy, communitarianism, need forescape, and opportunism. The distribution of these factors and of the the underlying variables suggests clearly that entrepreneurial motivations cut across national boundaries and transcend cultural systems of countries. The results indicate that the motivation to become an entrepreneur in a given country is primarily determined by metacultural factors that transcend the immediate socio-economic environment.

The presence of externalizing behaviours in young children can be challenging for parents in several ways, including for preserving a good quality of affective support. Because externalizing behaviours are heterogeneous in their manifestations, their interference with the quality of maternal affective support in the learning context may vary. The predictive associations between the externalizing behaviours of opposition, physical aggression, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and inattention in children at 42 months of age with the quality of maternal emotional support at 48 months of age were tested in 195 mother-child dyads. Children's externalizing behaviours were reported by the mothers, while the quality of affective support was observed during a cooperative literacy and numeracy task. Results show that only inattention uniquely and negatively predicted the quality of maternal affective support, controlling for child sex, family income, maternal education, maternal behaviour at 5 months, child prosocial behaviour at 42 months, and the other externalizing behaviours. These results suggest that during the preschool period, children's inattention behaviours represent a greater challenge compared to other externalizing behaviours for mothers' maintenance of affective support in the context of playful literacy and numeracy activities. Through a lower quality of maternal affective support in favourable situations for the practice of preschool competencies, children's attentional difficulties could therefore weaken certain spheres of their school readiness.

Keywords: soutien affectif maternel, comportements extériorisés, préparation scolaire, inattention, maternal affective support, externalized behaviours, school readiness, inattention

This article proposes a description of children who present sexually problematic behaviour. Normal sexual development as well as the different clinical and developmental criteria distinguishing normal from problematic sexual behaviour are summarized. Following this review, the different classifications of children with sexually problematic behaviour that can help assess the nature of the sexual behaviours are discussed. A synthesis of the risk factors that have been used to explain children's sexual misconduct is then offered. Finally, this article underlines the limits of our present knowledge in relation to the various manifestations of sexual behaviour and the authors conclude on new directions in research.

Keywords: recension des écrits, sexualité, comportements sexuels problématiques, enfants, literature review, sexuality, sexually problematic behaviour, children

Lack of parents' emotional availability and unpredictable responses to the child's needs have important consequences for the development of affect regulation and mature defense mechanisms. Children exposed to potentially traumatic events in the parent-child relationship have greater risk of developing borderline personality features. This exploratory study aims to identify characteristics that may be related to borderline personality and could be observed in a free play segment. The research involved 15 school-aged children living in foster care facilities under the Child Protective Services who have been exposed to traumatic events in their family. Participants completed the French version of the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children (BPFS-C) and participated in a 30 minutes free play session. The play segments were analyzed using the Children's Play Therapy Instrument (CPTI). Firstly, the sample's characteristics are described. Secondly, correlation is used to explore the relationships between borderline personality features, defense mechanisms, affect regulation and characteristics of the play. Results suggest that the play segment of the majority of the participants show traumatic play, immature defense mechanisms, and rigid affect regulation. Finally, the type of defense mechanisms seems to be related to the ability to regulate affects.

Keywords: traits de personnalité limite, trauma, jeu libre, mécanismes de défense, régulation des affects, enfant, borderline personality features, trauma, free play, defense mechanisms, regulation of affects, child

This article contributes to an underdeveloped discussion in the scientific and legal literature on Quebec youth protection law, particularly regarding the role, ethics and deontology of lawyers. It presents the results of a discourse analysis based on interviews with lawyers representing parents at the Youth Division, Court of Québec. It highlights the ethical and deontological questions of these practitioners. On the one hand, the context of the practice, characterized in part by the urgency of the procedures and the imbalance of resources between the parties, complicates strict compliance with the rules of professional conduct. Like their clients, the parents' lawyers find themselves in an unequal balance of power vis-à-vis their colleagues who represent the Director of Youth Protection. The latter may take an adversarial approach to the debate; parents' lawyers are often coerced to collaborate. On the other hand, the characteristics associated with parents give rise to impasses regarding the professional obligations of lawyers. They struggle to offer quality services to clients who do not meet the requirements nor availability for preparing the file and help their lawyer to help them. Lawyers find it difficult to communicate and be understood by underprivileged or immigrant clients; and, sometimes, to loyally defend parents who are often presumed to be at fault. From the discourse of the participants emerges the feeling of being caught between a rock and a hard place, between the hammer and the anvil.

Keywords: Éthique et déontologie des avocates, protection de la jeunesse, repeat players, système contradictoire, approche contradictoire, approche collaborative, analyse de discours, accès à la justice, Legal ethics, youth protection, repeat players, adversarial system, adversarial approach, collaborative approach, discourse analysis, access to justice