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In this article, we have chosen to isolate the notion of reflexivity of language in the work of Frédéric François, as a particular form of dialogue and dialogism. After explaining how we understand it in Frédéric François, we will present the results of research (Boré et al., 2015; Boré and Calil, 2015; Boré, 2017) on the manifestations of a reflexive dialogism in the production of writings (autodialogism) in two school situations in the 1st and 2nd years of the first primary cycle (pupils aged 6 and 7). We will show the implicit and unnoticed character of this reflexivity at school, that is called the “rest” by François.

Keywords: réflexivité, repris, écriture scolaire, autodialogisme, métalangage, Frédéric François, reflexivity, resumption, school writings, autodialogism, metalanguage, Frédéric François, reflexividad, resumen, escritura escolar, autodialogismo, metalenguaje, Frédéric François

Hölderlin's conception of the tragic deserves special attention, since for Hölderlin tragedy of a dialectical nature presents itself as an allegory of the impossibility of speculation. The poet philosopher was trying, from 1798 onwards, to write a modern tragedy, The Death of Empedocles. For a number of reasons, he found himself unable to succeed to the end in his imitation of the Greeks ; it seemed to him that a modern tragedy proved impossible. For him, that dramaturgic failure had an anti-metaphysical significance. In this paper, we will proceed, starting with the three definitions of tragedy which he provides from 1798 onwards, to the analysis of the impact his dramaturgic failure had on his comprehension of the essence of the tragic, and then on his critique of speculative reason.

AbstractThere is a wide recognition today of the importance of cognition in the renewal of knowledge in entrepreneurship studies. However, our understanding of how scholars make use of the cognitive vocabulary, particularly the concept of cognition, is thus far very limited. Yet, having a better knowledge of such usage would not only bring to light researchers various' interests, but would also stimulate a reflection and initiate a theoretical-oriented discussion about the use of cognition in entrepreneurship research, and help researchers position their own works. Hence, the present study aims to provide an answer to the following research question : How scholars make use of the concept of cognition in their research on entrepreneurship ? More particularly, the objective of the research is to identify and characterize the set of expressions containing the concept of cognition in the academic literature on entrepreneurship. To do so, we queried the ABI/INFORM Database. Thus, based on the information obtained, we provided a comprehensive and in-depth description of what attracts the most interest among researchers who use the concept of cognition in the study of entrepreneurship. Interestingly, the analysis of the surveyed articles shows that the concepts of entrepreneurship and cognition are simultaneously present in 134 titles or abstracts of articles that were published after the year 1993, and that their co-presence was ever increasing since then. From a theoretical point of view, the study proposes a reference framework peculiar to entrepreneurship researchers who use the concept of cognition in their research. More specifically, the results show that the expressions containing the word cognition or its derivatives refer to broad theoretical or epistemological orientations (e.g. cognitive perspective). Sometimes, they refer to general concepts (e.g. cognitive factors, cognitive dimension) and, very often, to specific objects that indicate what cognition characterizes (e.g. referential systems, tools and aptitudes) or what it is itself characterized by (e.g. individual or group level, complexity and coherence). The limits of the proposed classification in categories and sub-categories are discussed and avenues for future research are presented.

Keywords: Cognition, Entrepreneuriat, Méta-analyse, Épistémologie, ABI/INFORM/Global

Over the past ten years, Memory Studies has become a multidisciplinary field based primarily in the English-speaking world and in many European countries. This article aims to show how intermediality acts as a “field operator” allowing us to better trace the linkages currently constituting the area of Memory Studies. In its first part, the article explains how the use of the intermedial method enables us to distinguish Memory Studies from the studies of memory practiced in France. While Memory Studies uses intermedial theory to develop a decentralized approach to memory, focusing on dynamics of transfer and displacement, French studies of memory seem to privilege a media perspective related to a more static, patrimonial, and territorial approach. In its second part, the article considers different conceptions of intermediality currently at play in the field of Memory Studies. Despite numerous references to the work of Bolter and Grusin, Memory Studies seem to suffer from a lack of theorization about intermediality. Media thus occupy a paradoxical place within the field, since they are at the centre of the memory chessboard, but at the same time, they are relatively little analyzed as such.

The research on the organizational commitment remains relevant because of the controversy around the tree componants of the organizational commitment and its determiners (Cohen, 2007 ; Biétry, 2012 ; Klein et al., 2012 ; Meyer et al., 2012). Our article tries to show that the tontine of company, as social network of financial and social solidarities on the scene of work, is a lever of organizational commitment in SME Cameroonians. An empirical study led with 225 executives of 192 SME Cameroonians reveals a predictive character of the tontine on the emotional commitment and the normative commitment of the staff-executive members of the tontine to their organization. This brings us to suggest practices of GRH adapted to the ambient sociocultural and professional context.

Keywords: Implication organisationnelle, Tontine d'entreprise, Réseau social, Communauté de pratique, PME, Organizational involvement, Corporate tontine, Social network, Community of practice, SME, Participación organizacional, Corporate tontina, Conjunto social, Comunidad de prácticas, PyME

This article presents the results of a survey conducted in June 2020 amongst 2060 respondents about their opinions regarding social assistance recipients in Quebec. It reports on the impacts of the health crisis on these opinions and provides an analysis of the media coverage of social assistance produced between March 23 and June 25, 2020. This period corresponds to the first lockdown experienced in Quebec due to COVID-19. The conclusions of our work highlight a congruence between lasting negative opinions towards welfare recipients, a low level of social acceptability of the specific aid that could be paid to them during a health crisis, a low level of media coverage of the issues associated with welfare in the context of a health crisis, and the absence of measures undertaken by the Quebec government to mitigate its impacts on welfare recipients.

Keywords: assistance sociale, crise sanitaire, COVID-19, protection sociale, opinion publique, couverture médiatique, cadres médiatiques, social assistance, health crisis, COVID-19, social protection, public opinion, media coverage, media frames

AbstractIn the field of economics, psychology plays a very important part. A specific approach to how frequently some key terms of the business cycle are used in the press can help to take the pulse of public opinion. Unlike more scientific models, this approach is based on readily available data that offer a real-time picture of the situation. Beyond the figures, this study casts a new light on a number of terms whose semantic value has changed or is changing. In the New Economy, it seems that traditional rules and yardsticks are no longer relevant: accordingly, terms are also being revisited and have acquired new connotations or are being used with qualifiers in order to compensate for their present inadequacy. The only way to apprehend the new terminology of the business cycle is to observe and analyse it in situ.

Keywords: terminométrie, diachronie, métaphores, re-terminologisation, cycle économique

Attempts to explain the persistent resistance to French women's political rights have used various interpretive strategies. The approach in this essay centers on the anti-feminist reaction, in rhetoric and practice, to the mobilization of the French feminist and suffrage movements, on the eve of the Great War. It analyzes the nature of the “anti” positions in relation to other reactionary ideologies across the political spectrum. The diffuse, often unarticulated, nature of French anti-feminism, its embeddedness in cultural and political institutions made it hard for feminists to contest. The essay explores the renewal of older forms of patriarchy and its more contemporary pseudo-scientific rationale influenced by Social Darwinism. Resistance to democratic change of any kind, expressed as dissatisfaction with the existing electoral system, played a divisive role in recreating “la guerre des sexes.” Sources are drawn from the extensive anti-feminist literature of the period and a survey of elite male opinion published in the Parisian press in 1910.

Keywords: Antiféminisme, France, histoire des femmes, suffrage féminin, égalité des sexes

Re-reading Michel Foucault, Teresa de Lauretis and Judith Butler, the author proposes a conceptualisation of TV series both as technologies of gender and territories of gender. The serial nature of TV series allows her to analyse them as iterative processes performing gender (Butler) and as territories (Foucault), part of larger networks echoing each other, which spread representations of gender relations into the public sphere. Her theoretical proposition relies on her doctoral research about the representations of parenthood – as gendered – in French family TV shows.

Keywords: Genre, séries télévisées, télévision, Michel Foucault (philosophe), Judith Butler, Teresa De Lauretis, territoires, représentations médiatiques