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AbstractThe authors present a discussion of teachers' pedagogical culture as related to characteristics of multicultural classes. They examine the socio-political issues regarding multicultural classes, the process for training teaching practices, and the role given to learning the language of the host country. This analysis is based on a sociologist's interviews of teachers and on an analysis of ministerial reports describing schooling levels of allophones in France. The findings point out that the socio-cultural origin of teachers and the educational practices of the socio-institutional system provide the foundations for the construction of pedagogical practices, and, if mastery of the language used for teaching influences school success for students from social and cultural minority groups, then the absence of an institutional legitimacy for other languages and cultures limits their school integration.

AbstractThis article examines work satisfaction for teachers in a sub-Sahara African country. Specifically, the author examines the lack of work satisfaction by teachers in middle and high schools in Senegal, West Africa through a re-examination and a further development of a previous similar study. He presents a graph showing the frequency of scores obtained from surveys describing various factors related to teaching conditions that relate to satisfaction and insatisfaction. These factors are then presented on a continuum from the weakest to the strongest scores for level of satisfaction.

AbstractThis study examines the teaching of the natural sciences at the primary level from the teacher's perspective. The author first presents some aspects of the teaching situation that are problematic, followed by a description of those factors, both group and individual, that affect the teacher. As one hypothesis, the author proposes a model describing a hierarchy of these factors and the direct and indirect relationship that could affect science teaching.

Our article aims to examine the relationship between social ties, collective initiatives and conflictual processes from two perspectives. First, we consider the relational dimension of collective initiatives, looking at three concepts that can help us better understand the processes leading to the formation, reproduction and transformation of social ties. We then consider the role that collective initiatives can play in the context of social conflicts, namely to complement the emphasis placed on cooperation in a number of works on these initiatives. We examine these two perspectives by analyzing the mobilizations against gentrification observed between 2019 and 2022 in the Montreal neighbourhood of Parc-Extension, using ethnographic research conducted during this period with the Parc-Extension Action Committee (CAPE). Our analysis leads us to argue that collective initiatives can contribute to social reproduction in a given environment, respond to collective needs and aspirations, and increase the capacity for popular intervention in the context of conflictual processes that aim, among other things, to destabilize economic and political elites and achieve concessions.

Keywords: liens sociaux, conflits, initiatives collectives, gentrification, ethnographie, Parc-Extension, social ties, conflicts, collective initiatives, gentrification, ethnography, Parc-Extension

The water sciences are now entering a process of accelerated development. Numerous factors can explain this rapid evolution : a) the important investments in measuring systems that now allowed the characterization of water properties, b) the considerable expansion of mathematical and systemic approaches to the interpretation of data, c) the recent progress in interface tolls for computer modeling and the subsequent diversification of simulation models and the remarkable development in water chemistry, biology and toxicology that followed, have all largely contributed to the actual broadening of the theoretical and applied knowledge base on water. Furthermore, the scientific and technical efforts unfolded in order to explain social problems related to water shortages and to find sustainable solutions have also contributed to the diversification and deepening of this wide knowledge base. In this article, taking into consideration the deepening and diversification of the related knowledge base, we question ourselves on the evolution of water sciences in the future. We first underlined the socioeconomic problems that can be solved either by the application of actual knowledge, its refinement by learning from applications, or by the development of new technical ability for the interpretation of hydrological phenomena. We then distinguished between the activities undertake to solve scientific problems justified by long term social benefits (the science push) from those that aim to find solutions to important socioeconomic problems (the social needs for scientific knowledge). We then look at the different factors that help the achievement of research enterprises and explain the effect of those factors on the orientation of scientific projects. Doing this, we formulate the hypothesis that it is the search for solutions of socioeconomic problems that, on the basis of actual scientific ability, that will be the prime factor for the evolution of water sciences in the future, its dynamic and orientation. Finally, we propose a general approach that can help the understanding of the evolution of water sciences. This model represent the dynamic of scientific initiatives as affected by two attracting poles : the first pole is related to the needs for scientific knowledge for water management problems (i.e. the rational and engineering approach to water problems), and the second being the needs for the specific knowledge required for public administration of water (i.e. the policy and political approach to water problems).In general, we may conclude that the water sciences can be conceived as the scientific constructs generated by the application of particular scientific basic knowledge to water and its relations with natural and human systems. Those scientific constructs on water and its systemic interactions with terrestrial and human systems develop from this process are not as well structured as the sub-domains that emerge under traditional domains like biophysics, biochemistry, basic hydrology, political economy, or so. They are coherent sets of inter-disciplinary constructs elaborated to explain or predict complex natural processes or systems of relations between human and nature, mostly in response to real or perceived social needs. Is this to say that the scientific works on water will not succeed in the establishment of well-structured scientific subdomains like hydrology for example ? In spite of the evident progress, natural water and its relation with nature and human systems will remain for a long time applications domains of the fundamental knowledge that have been developed in the basic or applied sciences. Those applications will certainly produced new theories or original basic knowledge with high explicative or predictive values. In this manner, the object of the applications (water) and its context (natural and human systems) are the prime determinant of knowledge development, while in comparison, in basic sciences, it is the knowledge per se and its related instrumental capacities that mostly determine its own evolution. The development rhythm of technical and scientific knowledge on water is strongly influenced by the attention that society brings upon the resource. In the future, social preoccupations about water should increase considerably in light of its growing scarcity and the collective obligations to cope with higher probabilities of related extreme events. The type of knowledge that should developed will depend upon the specific approaches to social problem solving retained by political and administrative authorities, while in turn, those approaches will be influenced by research and development done in the field of management and public administration of water.

Keywords: Sciences de l'eau, futur, prospective, hydrologie, biologie, chimie, sociologie, économie, géographie, gestion, administration publique, discipline, connaissance, Hydrology, water sciences, future, prospective, hydrochemistry, hydrobiology, economy, sociology, management sciences, public administration, research needs, knowledge

The recent emergence of unusual family situations and calls for their recognition entails a re-evaluation of the concepts of parent, parenthood and filiation. What is filiation? What meaning should it hold? And how does "parent" differ from "filiation"?* As for parenthood, how does that fit in with the notions of "parent" and "filiation"? The present text considers these questions from the child's standpoint. It provides a picture of the realities and tendencies that are attached to the subject in the western world, and more particularly in Canada.

This paper is an attempt at the refutation of certain fallacies, which have gained a wide currency in legal and criminological thinking. These fallacies are the following. First, the mistaken interpretation of universal statements such as « Any person condemns murder » as the expression of a cross-cultural consensus about the blameworthiness of a certain type of behaviour ; such statements, it is argued, are mere tautologies reflecting the cogency of our linguistic customs. Second, the erroneous belief that criminology can dogmatically account for the sum of the facts which appertain to its field of study, by means of a single, all-encompassing explanation ; arguments are given fo show that the fate of criminological studies is fragmentation. Third, it is argued that the criminal justice system should be conceived as an apparatus for social provocation rather than as institutionalized social reaction. Fourth, it is pointed out that we must draw an unambiguous distinction between the legal notion of a sentence and the intuitive notion of punishment ; stressing this difference leads the author to compare briefly the main tenets of what he respectively calls dogmatic and sceptical criminology. Finally, the necessity to recognize as separate issues the justification and the allocation of criminal sanctions is proven and it is shown how the penal fascination with capital punishment is responsible for blurring the distinction between these issues.

Keywords: Système de justice criminelle, sanction criminelle, pensée légale, pensée criminologique, peine capitale, Criminal justice system, criminal sanction, legal thinking, criminological thinking, capital punishment, Sistema de justicia criminal, sanción criminal, pensamiento legal, pensamiento criminológico, pena capital

AbstractThis article examines the contemporary foundations of authority in Algonquian communities in Quebec, by analyzing the regulation of conflicts outside the context of the criminal justice system. Who settles disputes, soothes dissension and restores order? How does a person acquire such power? Based on data collected during various ethnographic studies (situated in their historical contexts), I argue that the mobilization of religions or those who preach them – and in particular, pan-Indian spirituality – play an important role in finding common ground between disputing parties. To understand this phenomenon, I hypothesize that this spirituality, even if not unanimously accepted in communities, offers an explanatory ideology on the origin of conflicts, and as such provides an effective framework for reconciliation. Religion is perhaps not always the opium of the people, but sometimes it may be a way to detoxify…

Keywords: règlement des conflits, Amérindiens, Québec, spiritualité panindienne, autorité, ordre social, conflict resolution, First Nations, Québec, pan-Indian spirituality, authority, social order, solución de conflictos, Amerindios, Quebec, espiritualidad pan-indígena, autoridad, orden social

AbstractIn France as in most western countries, the immigrant is strongly associated with delinquency in collective representations and in media and political discourses concerning « insecurity ». This association can be decomposed into two distinct concerns : the delinquency of foreigners and the delinquency of French youth born of immigrants. This article proposes a critical survey of French research on these questions, based on administrative data and sociological research, both qualitative and quantitative. The rigorous examination of police statistics does not allow for the measurement of foreigners' delinquency. It does, however, invite us to distinguish between the professional delinquency of non resident foreigners and the delinquency of resident foreigners, such as theft and physical violence, a type of delinquency classically observed in the poorest part of the population. Sociological research allows us, then, to emphasize the fact that an overrepresentation of youth born of African immigrants among juvenile delinquents can be observed in some places but not as a general and uniform process. This statement of fact leads us to try to discover the local processes that favour the development of this local variation, from both sociological and psycho-sociological points of view.

AbstractThis article analyzes the ethnolinguistic development of linguistic minority group members through the use of a macroscopic intergroup model which focuses on four different levels of analysis. The model shows how macrosocial factors influence microsocial factors that can be measured and analyzed at the individual level. The relationships between three types of ethnolinguistic socialization (enculturation, personal autonomization, conscientization) and various psycholinguistic variables are discussed and illustrated via a structural equation model that can be tested empirically. These models take into consideration factors that are related to social determinism and others that favour self-determination at the group and individual levels. Examples of research done with Francophone minority group members in Canada are presented. In conclusion, we introduce the concept of cultural autonomy which identifies factors related to language community revitalization in a minority context.

Keywords: vitalité ethnolinguistique, identité, minorités linguistiques, bilinguisme, autodétermination, ethnolinguistic vitality, identity, linguistic minorities, bilingualism, self-determination