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This article explores the family business transfer process in Africa, focusing on Senegalese practices. We use the process developed by Cadieux (2004) to analyse nine cases of business legacy. Based on this theoretical framework, our results are based on the coexistence of the formal and informal sectors in particular the lack of preparation for the transfer (lack of a relief plan) and different attitudes towards the process itself, in terms of initiation (selection of the successor by filiation, heredity or merit), of integration (empirical, Koranic or academic entry strategies for the successor) and of the exit conditions at different stages in the transition and exit conditions (withdrawal of the predecessor at the time of his/her own death). The features we reveal are such that they call for a contextualised analysis of the process. Thus, my theoretical contribution lies in our proposal for a succession process linked to Senegalese cultural influences.

Keywords: Transmission, Entreprises familiales, Approche processuelle, Étude de cas, Spécificités culturelles sénégalaises, Business transfer, Family business, Processual approach, Case study, Senegalese cultural specificities, Transmisión, Empresas familiares, Enfoque basado en procesos, Estudio de caso, Especificidades culturales de Senegal

The financing of small businesses (SBs) remains a key concern, which this article addresses through the study of the poorly addressed topic of the financing decision through the demand-side. The article is based on the importance of the role of the manager as a decision maker. Taking a step aside from the work in classical entrepreneurial finance, this research focuses on the building of the decision, and is based on a processual approach. To this end, the theoretical framework is based on the initial hypothesis of a manager's choice based on a proxemic logic. Seven cases are then studied empirically to explore this hypothesis, using developments from strategic decision-making in SMEs. The results reveal the existence of a behavioral spectrum ranging from proactivity to an opportunistic wait-and-see attitude among executives of SMEs. Decision-making can be modeled in four fundamental stages. They also show a limitation of the historical three-dimensional model to study the financing decision in SMEs. Finally, they suggest embracing the proxemics approach as a heuristic for small business management, particularly with respect to financing decisions.

Keywords: Financement, Petite entreprise, Demande, Proximité, Étude de cas, Financing, Small business, Demand-side, Proximity, Case study, Financiación, Pequeña empresa, Demanda, Proximidad, Estudio de caso

Reflexivity is central to initial teacher education programs. However, students find it difficult to “enter into reflective practice.” This contribution qualitatively investigates the priorities to give to a reflective intervention, deployed throughout the training, by identifying, for each year of training, the training needs and the relationship to knowledge of future primary school teachers. If all students request pragmatic content, differences were observed (depending on the year of training) in terms of student perception of reflexivity and its usefulness, identity, relationships with trainers and peers, learning, emotions, and perception of competence. Hence, it seems necessary, in the first year, to work on the meaning of the profession and initial conceptions; in the second year, to invest in emotional regulation and to scaffold the reflective approach; and, in the last year, to support the students’ needs for emancipation.

Keywords: training needs, besoins de formation, reflexivity, réflexivité, pre-service teachers, futurs enseignants

This article is intended to support organizations that contribute to the development of recognition of prior learning (RPL) to promote access to regulated professions where there is a shortage. It uses the teaching profession in Quebec as an example. The method is a review of the literature on university RPL published between 2005 and 2021, in nine databases and in the work of organizations active in RPL empirical research. The content analysis framework focuses on the functions and phases of the RPL process in universities, particularly of learning realized in non-formal or informal contexts. The review confirms that this type of recognition can be complex to achieve and that its implementation relies on continuous efforts to allow for a progressive adhesion of the personnel involved and a coherent institutional message. The article suggests avenues for action and research to create favourable conditions for RPL.

Keywords: Reconnaissance des acquis, Recognition of prior learning, université, university, profession réglementée, regulated profession, enseignement, teaching, recension des écrits, literature review

Political crises, natural disasters, and pandemics render environments in which they rage uncertain. In the case of an armed conflict, such as that of the so-called Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon, emergency situations require a rapid, urgent response from the populations affected. The choices of host environments are intimately linked to their survival. This study examines the factors that led to the concentration of many internally displaced persons (IDPs) from the Anglophone Crisis in the French-speaking Grassfields region. In light of the data collected, we can say that the anteriority of civilizational relations between the Grassfields peoples, historical experiences, and the urban phenomenon are the main factors attracting internally displaced persons from the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon to the French-speaking Grassfields.

Keywords: Cameroun, crise anglophone, déplacés internes, minorité linguistique, Grassfields, Cameroon, Anglophone Crisis, internally displaced persons, linguistic minority, Grassfields

AbstractDo the approaches used in the study of public administration follow the changing course of events? This study identifies five major approaches used by Quebec authors: pluralist political science, law, management, economics and political sociology. Recent history shows that the popularity of an approach does reflect current events, but the relationship is not all one-way. No approach has so far succeeded in reaching a satisfactory synthesis of the others.

This article aims to present anthropological and sociological concepts developed under colonial and contact situations to explain the persistence of the notion of race in the exercise of State power over indigenous peoples within the national states of Latin America. This will enable a conceptual reference and a critical reading of the constitutional multiculturalism in the region as a rhetorical attempt so far to overcome this racial pattern of domination and promote indigenous autonomies. The author presents a critical debate around the challenges of indigenous autonomy as an effective decolonization project in the post-colonial societies of Latin America.

Keywords: racialité du pouvoir, indigénisme, multiculturalisme, autonomie autochtone, raciality of power, Indigenism, Multiculturalism, Indigenous Autonomy, Racialidad del poder, indigenismo, multiculturalismo, autonomía indígena

This paper aims to shed light on corporate compliance programs as well as their implementation from legal and management perspectives. The concept of compliance program refers to processes by which compliance decisions are made within an organization with the aim to set up control structures that guide individual action so that the various stakeholders can act in line with the organization's interests. The authors of this paper then refer to existing studies to present the means to achieve compliance programs' goals as well as obstacles that can hinder their effectiveness. Therefore, a literature review is first discussed in order to better present the key players involved in compliance business within companies. Finally, an analysis on how to implement compliance programs is conducted as well as a discussion on the main components that contribute to their success.

Keywords: Sociétés par actions, programmes de conformité, culture éthique, rôle du conseil d'administration, Corporations, Compliance programs, Ethical culture, Role of the board of directors