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This article follows the changes in the ideologies that guided the governmental services for troubled children. They are placed in parallel with the evolution of the discipline of psychoeducation and the training of these professionals, particularly at the School of Psychoeducation of the Université de Montréal. Quebec parliament adopted in 1869 two laws, one on reform and one on industrial schools, as did many eastern states in the US; the reform doctrine was launched for troubled children. Women and men that were Catholic religious operated all these schools that were created until the Second World War. During the 1950-1960 some of these schools adopted the doctrine of the scientific re-education that was inspired by psychodynamic theory and its application by followers to institutional treatment of maladaptive children. Some of these centers in Québec developed a three years in-service training that is regarded as the classical psychoeducation approach. Twenty years later, the Université de Montréal introduced an undergraduate program in psychoeducation. It now offers master and doctoral curriculums. During the 1970, in Québec as in North America and Europe, the doctrines of desinstitutionalization and heterogeneous services and clinical approaches became dominant. It had major impacts on the training program and research agenda at the School of psychoeducation. Particularly, it involved a clear move from delinquency and problem behavior during adolescence toward a broader psychopathology perspective of children and adolescents and from a psychodynamic orientation toward a cognitive-behavioral perspective. Finally, it is argued that during the 2000, the profession of psychoeducator and its training became more and more constrained by legal, organizational, professional and scientific controls. All of these successive changes to this discipline since the 1960s lead to conclude that the classic psychoeducation is a discipline in dissipation.

Keywords: École de psychoéducation, 50 ans, Université de Montréal, histoire, formation, recherche, School of psychoeducation, 50th anniversary, University of Montréal, history, training, research

Child's symbolic play and mentalizing capacity (MC) are essential resources to work through intrapsychic conflicts and relational difficulties in psychotherapy. However, these abilities are commonly underdeveloped in children who have been exposed, repeatedly and from a very young age, to traumatic events that occur within their significant relationships. First, this article presents the concepts that are fundamental for understanding the role of play as a means of communication. Second, the consequences of complex trauma on the child's ability to use pretend play in psychotherapy are exposed. One of these consequences is related to the presence of traumatic play, which is characterized by the literal repetition of traumatic events. Although the child strives to avoid the outcomes of the trauma, the anxiety linked to it could invade his or her play activities. Finally, the possible impacts of complex traumas on the child's MC are discussed. The authors suggest that children who have been exposed to complex trauma present prementalizing modes of psychic functioning that of which repercussions can be observed in their play activities.

Keywords: jeu, trauma, jeu traumatique, capacité de mentalisation, enfant, play, trauma, post-traumatic pay, mentalizing capacity, child

Although the study of moral judgment has gained in popularity in the field of psychology in recent years, little research has focused on confidentiality dilemmas in the context of moral judgment. Yet clinicians regularly face such dilemmas, which often arise in emotionally charged contexts. This study assesses the role of emotions in responses to these confidentiality dilemmas. A total of 186 participants studying psychology at different universities in Quebec were randomly assigned to one of three groups in an experimental design (dramatic audio modality, neutral audio modality, text modality) and responded to confidentiality dilemmas by choosing between protecting or lifting confidentiality. Also taken into consideration were participants' positioning on a continuum ranging from deontology to utilitarianism, based on their response to sacrificial dilemmas. The hierarchical multiple linear regression model used indicates a significant contribution from responses to sacrificial dilemmas, perceived emotional intensity of confidentiality dilemmas and training obtained in the field of ethics and deontology. The analysis further reveals the moderating effect of exposure to the experimental condition on the relationship between the tendency towards utilitarianism and the propensity to waive confidentiality in a psychotherapeutic relationship. These results have practical implications for psychology curricula, where situation scenarios with ecological validity could enhance ethics training.

Keywords: jugement moral, confidentialité, dilemmes moraux, tonalité émotionnelle, levée de la confidentialité, moral judgment, confidentiality, moral dilemmas, emotional tone, lifting confidentiality

This essay gives an overview (not an extensive review) of the results which support the idea of a significant association between social relations and happiness. We present also some social emotions (love, empathy, compassion and smile) which make social life easier and had promoted the survival of our species during its evolution. We discuss the friendship – happiness association and few other social themes (social capital, social support and social resilience). Finally, we present some interventions promoting happiness via social relations.

Keywords: bonheur, relations sociales, amitié, émotions sociales, intervention, Happiness, social relations, friendship, social emotions, intervention

AbstractThe field of methadone substitution treatment has experienced unprecedented growth in Quebec over the last decade, and a variety of different treatment models have been developed. Substitution treatment implicates individuals from a variety of professional backgrounds, who must negotiate the delicate task of developing shared treatment goals which match the needs of the population. The Harm Reduction model, while better meeting these needs, has also seemed to augment confusion on the part of professionals as to the approaches and the outcomes of treatment. The challenge currently facing the field is integration of diverse treatment models into a continuum of treatment services. This continuum of treatment services should maximize the goodness of fit between program model and client needs.