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AbstractAs much as the restructuring of the working world and the crisis of political activism, one might see the presence of over-educated workers as a factor accounting for the decline of class identities. This ethnographic study of French mail carriers shows the presence in the same job of individuals with different educational and social backgrounds to be a factor exacerbating differences of identity and generation. This mixture makes it impossible not only for a shared sense of social identity to emerge but even a shared workplace identity. Refusing to identify as part of the working class, these over-educated mail carriers constantly vacillate between an identity as part of a well-educated generation and a very partial one of mail carrier.

In translation, as in other disciplines, the notion of problem has generated growing interest over recent years. However, studies centred on the translation problem taken as a whole, still do not represent a homogeneous research trend, and this is further aggravated by the lack of studies which compare and contrast the different contributions on this matter. In response to this need, this article analyses and develops the notion of problem as it has been described by some leading scholars reflecting on the translation process. In the first part, the notion of problem as seen from other disciplines is reviewed. In the second part, the main studies on the translation problem and different approaches are compared and analysed, and relate problem-solving processes in translation with translation strategies. The aim of this article is to further our understanding of the problem-solving processes in operation during translation, and to present a retrospective of some of the most significant works in this field.

Keywords: processus cognitifs, stratégie de résolution de problèmes, didactique de la traduction, théorie de la traduction, cognitives processes, problem-solving strategy, didactics of translation, translation theory

SummaryX-linked mental retardation (XLMR) affects 1.8 ‰ male births and is usually categorized as “syndromic” (MRXS) or “non-specific” (MRX) forms according to the presence or absence of specific signs in addition to the MR. Up to 60 genes have been implicated in XLMR and certain mutations can alternatively lead to MRXS or MRX. Indeed the extreme phenotypic and allelic heterogeneity of XLMR makes the classification of most genes difficult. Therefore, following identification of new genes, accurate retrospective clinical evaluation of patients and their families is necessary to aid the molecular diagnosis and the classification of this heterogeneous group of disorders. Analyses of the protein products corresponding to XLMR genes show a great diversity of cellular pathways involved in MR. Common mechanisms are beginning to emerge : a first group of proteins belongs to the Rho and Rab GTPase signaling pathways involved in neuronal differentiation and synaptic plasticity and a second group is related to the regulation of gene expression. In this review, we illustrate the complexity of XLMR conditions and present recent data about the FMR1, ARX and Oligophrenin 1 genes.

SummaryAutism is a pervasive developmental disorder of childhood characterised by disturbances in both social interactions and communication as well as stereotyped patterns of activities and behaviour. The increase in estimates of the prevalence of autism has raised the question of an «epidemic» of autism. More active case assessment and changes in diagnostic criteria probably account in large part for such increase. Investigators have attempted to define the neural pathophysiology of autism ever since the hypothesis of «refrigerator mother»as its cause was replaced by the view that it is a developmental disorder of the immature brain. However consensus is yet to be reached concerning the brain regions implicated. Psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology, neurophysiology, neuropharmacology, and genetics propose restricted view of the major issues leaving extensive areas unexplored. Therapeutic approaches induce only partial and uncertain results. There is no cure for autism but substantial evidence indicates that early, intensive, individualised education is beneficial for children. All modern intervention programs for autism affected children share a high degree of environmental structuring and predictability and an extensive individual approach. Autism being a behaviourally defined syndrome, it gave rise to a number of controversies concerning definition, classification, etiopathogeny and therapeutics. In the 1990s a crisis has occured in France with a loss of confidence between parents and psychiatrists with a problem concerning the means and ways of care of the autist. The aim of this paper is to point out the different questions raised by autism in order to better understand this syndrome which touches upon essential behaviour-related aspects such as self consciousness, reality perception, the functioning of the thought and communication, as well as the role of hereditary and acquired influences in normal and pathological development.

AbstractMany refugees who become residents of western countries have lived through traumatic experiences linked to the situation of organized violence that prevails in their countries of origin. The suffering that results from these experiences is often interpreted, in the country of asylum, based on a medical model which focuses on the psychopathological symptoms of the individual and particularly on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Such an approach may have the effect of normalising social pathology by making the individual carry the weight of it and by pathologizing a normal psychological and physiological response to terror.This article proposes to rethink trauma, seeing it as a process of metamorphosis which generates both strengths and difficulties on an individual and a collective basis. Disassociating the individual and collective aspects of organized violence, a practice which prevails among professions and institutions of the host countries, may aggravate the fragmentation of social connections. A reconstruction process takes place in the coming and going between the elaboration of a network of significances and the reestablishment of social connections. The work of construction of sense takes place first and foremost within families and in the group with which the refugee identifies. It matters then especially not to intervene so as not to interfere with the strategies employed by the community. At times, however, faced with limitations or the failure of available strategies, external intervention by the host society is justified. In a context of exile, clinical teams may play an important mediation role by allowing refugee families to reappropriate and validate their traditional strategies or those political strategies that are available to them in their countries of origin, and by facilitating the joint construction of solutions that reflect the multiple universes in which the refugees navigate.