Documents found
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1792.More information
ABSTRACTPinel's works have been evaluated in completely contradictory ways : some, like Pierre Pichot, Kavka, Zilboorg and Gladys Swain have indeed considered that Pinel was not sensitive to the influence of "sensualist" and "associationist" psychology. Pichot and Zilboorg conclude from this that what Pinel was hoping for was in fact psychiatry without psychology. Kavka and Swain deduce the opposite. 1) intended to show, briefly : I) that in the minds of the ideologists there is fundamentally no contradiction between organicist physiologism (Cabanis) and association nist psychology (Locke, Condillac, Destutt de Tracy), which explains the coexistence of medical treatment and moral treatment of mental illness, including mania without delirium, in Pinel's work ; 2) that Condillac's influence (especially that of his Traité des sensations and his Traité des animaux) on Pinel is much greater than is generally believed ; and 3) that Pinel has really very little to do with psychoanalysis.
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1793.More information
AbstractIn reviews of scientific quality of studies, randomized controlled trials (RCT) are typically regarded as having the highest methodological rigour. Although the Cochrane Reviews are best known for their analysis of the effects of treatment in healthcare settings, they also investigate the effectiveness of criminological interventions. To our knowledge, no study has ever examined the conclusions of the Cochrane Reviews for this type of intervention. In this study, our analysis of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews between 2000 and 2008 found 33 Cochrane Reviews of criminological interventions. Not surprisingly, given its weight on RCT, on average only 2 % of these studies were assessed as having high methodological quality. These results raise questions about the appropriateness of the Cochrane Reviews to evaluate the scientific quality of social type interventions. Issues such as the representativeness of the environment where interventions are implemented, the concomitance and complexity of social problems, the contributions and limits of intervention protocols and the risks of delay, even paralysis, in the implementation of innovative approaches are not part of their scientific quality examinations.
Keywords: Essais randomisés contrôlés, recensions Cochrane, interventions, criminologie, Randomized controlled trials, Cochrane reviews, interventions, criminology, Estudios randomizados controlados, revisiones sistemáticas Cochrane, intervenciones, criminología
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1794.
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1797.More information
SUMMARYAt the point of civilization where we find ourselves today, in the post-modernity conditions, the responsibility of civil society is a determining factor in the overall politic of mental health. More than ever we have to think of health and mental health in particular in terms of a social dynamics where the participation of social groups and individuals in the responsibility for collective health has priority over the structures of state and institutional interventions. The responsibilities of the state, the institutions and professionals are therefore displaced and redefined while new rights emerge and with them the need for more information and control for the users who pay for health services with their taxes. The concern to adapt a system now anachronistic can only increases the problems of a society responsible for its obsolescence. The social and human costs of the radical changes needed, will in the short term, be socially less burdensome than the consequences of illusory adaptations. In this area, we can expect that nothing will be effective without the mobilisation by the state of the collective responsabilities for a social involvement in public health.
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1799.
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1800.More information
This is the Canadian Report on the law regulating mental disability in Canadian law, prepared for the XIIIth Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law held in Montréal in August 1990. The Report has been brought up to date to take account of subsequent changes in the law of the Canadian common law provinces and in the new Civil Code of Québec.In accordance with the instructions given to the national reporters in the above mentioned Congress, the Report first describes at length the law dealing with the civil effects of mental disability, such as the appointment and powers of guardians or curators to administer the property and take important personal decisions for persons with mental disabilities. The Report then discusses the law regulating the involuntary commitment of the mentally disabled to mental health institutions.The Report discerns common trends in the law of Québec and of the Canadian common law provinces. With regard to the appointment of guardians or curators the trend is to move away from judicial declarations of total incapacity, to encourage the self-reliance and cure of the disabled and to grant to the person in charge only those powers absolutely necessary for the protection of the disabled. With regard to the involuntary commitment to mental health institutions, the legislators have been faced with the problem of regulating a decision to deprive a person of her liberty on the basis of a judgment about her mental condition and her future needs, and not on the basis of the commission of a crime or the violation of any law. The legislative solution has been to clarify the standards and criteria which have to be considered before committing a person and to provide more procedural safeguards in the reaching of that decision as well as more opportunities to review and to appeal that decision.