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Psychoanalysis has societal implications. In other words, it has an historical responsibility regarding the evolution of societies in which it has developed. It is also influenced by the societies and political systems in which it unfolds. Psychoanalytic theory may integrate this reciprocal influence in order to reflect on it and learn from it for its own politic. However, in the current context, this cannot be achieved in a theoretical or practical isolation, especially in regards to social sciences and social innovations.

Keywords: psychanalyse, inconscient, société, politique, Histoire, sciences sociales, Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis, unconscious, society, politic, History, social sciences, Sigmund Freud

ABSTRACTThere seems to be a consensus today by which a child, who is a victim of incest or sexually abused, must be directed to therapy in order that he or she provides a factual account of the traumatism and, by the same token, exorcises it. The authors deplore the widespread use of this destabilizing method. They emphasize that, for many children, recovery is achieved more successfully through "repression" (in the psychoanalytical sense of the term). After having obtained disclosure from the child, the authors argue that it is preferable for the intervenor to create the appropriate therapeutic conditions allowing the child to positively bury the event and move on with his or her life.

ABSTRACTThe author attempts to describe the different strengths that emerge from the role of the supervisor (clinic) in a community organization in relation to two aspects: the maintaining of the defining characteristics of the notion of "alternative" and the dynamic understanding of the social worker-user relationship. After a review of how a day centre operates, the author describes the individual and collective "defense mechanisms" that are used by social workers to alleviate the impact of the user's baffling behaviour on their personality. The author follows by showing that failure to use these defense mechanisms can lead to burnout for the social worker, while certain forms of collective defense mechanisms can prompt this alternative care system to institutionalize itself from within.

For a long time, paradoxical intervention was considered as a group of useful techiques for the purpose of countering or using the resistance of the client-system. The present article introduces a certain evolution in theories of change in relation with the paradoxical intervention. That evolution will give another look to the analysis of the client-system resistance, from an individual resistance to change, up to a systemic vision and then calling into question the resistance to the concept itself The last proposed theory «cybernetic of second order» will even allow us to put forward the following question : Who is really resisting, the client-system or the intervener-system?

In this reflection, the author first discusses her current psychiatric practice in an outpatient urban clinic. She discusses stress affecting many patients and its impact on them. What is stress? What is post-traumatic stress? What are its implications? How do patients adapt? The author presents some clinical examples. She then addresses her psychiatric practice in a rural setting in order to identify various aspects that highlight the differences between psychiatric practice in an urban and rural setting.

SUMMARYIt was in the wake of the movement for a critical psychiatry, originated by Eric Berne, that the Radical psychiatry collective developed in Berkely California at the beginning of the 70's.Starting with an analysis of the dominant therapeutic intervention, which was seen alienating, and its resultant, an oppression of which the individual is unaware, the Collective teaches a new practice represented by the following equation : consciousness of one's oppression + contact with other in the same situation + action = liberation. This equation is intended to reply to the preceeding formula : oppression + unawareness of one's oppression + isolation = alienation. Utilizing the personality composant concepts elaborated in transactional analysis, that is the ego state : the Parent, the Adult, and the Child, the Collective shows that certain aspects of social Males, learned through socialization, are unequally and differently developed in men and women. Consequently, a harmonious meeting of man and woman is impossible. To resolve these difficulties, the Collective runs mixed therapeutic help, and women's groups. The latter, developed primarily by Hogie Wyckoff, take into consideration the specific oppression of women and help them to work on those qualities wich are insufficiently developed or undervalued by an inequitable capitalist society.The thrust of radical psychiatry associates the fundamental characteristics of capitalist society, principally human relation, and the problems of everyday individual experience. It also demonstrates the logical ordeming of social males - limiting and unsatisfactory by functional -in such a society. The approach is highly interesting in relation to therapeutic practice with women in general, and more specifically, with social and health service clients. Nevertheless, the approach should not be limited to the sole consideration of the concrete and interactional factors involved in the relation between an intervener from the educated middle class and a client from a popular milieu, often deprived at many levels. The repercussions of class differences on a supposedly equal relationship are still unknown, since radical psychiatry interveners works principally with a middle class clientele. This gap constitutes the principal limit of the observed approach, a limit which should be more thoroughly investigated and analysed.