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To ensure public protection in the area of professional services, legislators in Canada as in the United States often prefer avoiding the establishment of monopoly practice and rather simply reserve the right to use a professional title to those with adequate qualifications. Such a restriction could contravene the Constitution by infringing the right to freedom of speech as upheld in Abramson v. Gonzalez by an American court; its conclusion could be transposed into Canada. An analysis shows that possible arrangements can be made within a context of increasingly open markets that would allow the general public to fully benefit from the information imparted by a title.

SUMMARYThe author presents a synthesis of the theoretical and clinical work of Gisela Pankow on psychosis. The reading of works of this psychoanalyst is fascinating for a number of reasons : she provides a detailed and lively look at numerous clinical cases, she accepted patients in analysis with whom other methods had failed. But this spectacular character may distract the reader from the essence of the work, which is an original theorizing and practical approach concerning psychosis. The resume of the Pankow's theses is all the more necessary because the latter does not always take the time to present her works in a clear, organized fashion. The main contributions of Pankow are the following : the use of non-traditional techniques (face to face, drawings, models, family contacts) in the treatment of the psychotic, the redefinition of the concept of forclusion (Lacan) as a defense mechanism directly implying the body image. The present text may serve as an introduction to the reading of Pankow's works, by putting the ideas in order to a certain extent.

The medical advances made over the last decades considerably increased the survival rate of premature babies, but it is still difficult to predict the long-term sequelae and developmental trajectories of these children. A good number of them will require specialized and adapted long-term follow-up, which makes prematurity a public health issue. This article is a reflexive review of the literature surrounding the psychoaffective impacts of premature birth in children. The aim of this text is to arouse reflection on premature birth as a possible psychic trauma in infants. Some sequelae attributed to prematurity, often considered as a medical condition and irreversible, may instead be due to birth trauma. Providing premature children and their families with interventions aimed to reduce the harmful effects of this trauma could help foster their overall development.

Keywords: prématurité, traumatisme de la naissance, stress précoce, parentalité, prematurity, birth trauma, early stress, parenthood

This article presents the reflections of a working group of clinicians and researchers regarding the importance of considering the mentalizing ability of children who consult in Child Psychiatry. The concept of mentalization, its normal and pathological development, as well as clinical evidence indicating the predominance of pre-mentalizing psychic modes of thinking are first presented. Intervention strategies to develop children's mentalizing capacities are then elaborated. The rationale and the pertinence of implementing such intervention strategies are discussed.

Keywords: mentalisation, enfant, modes de fonctionnement psychique prémentalisants, pédopsychiatrie, évaluation clinique, interventions thérapeutiques, mentalization, child, pre-mentalizing modes of thinking, child psychiatry, clinical assessment, therapeutic interventions

This paper identifies three levels of mentalization of suffering : agony, distress, and adaptive sadness. Agony is an unrepresented experience of suffering; distress is a represented experience of suffering which is too concretely felt to be dealt with subjectively; adaptive sadness is a type of suffering which is represented and tolerated, and facilitates the elaboration of loss. Clinical interventions with these qualities of suffering are often limited to either amplifying of relieving suffering. The paper proposes that unmentalized suffering should be transformed in order to help clients “suffer better”.

Keywords: mentalisation, souffrance, tristesse, détresse, agonie, dépression, mentalization, suffering, sadness, distress, agony, depression

AbstractHeeding body language and interpreting the impact of non verbal and countertransference responses in the course of intervention, and more specifically in the psychotherapeutic process, is a practice of varying importance in approaches adopted by caretakers and clinicians of diverse horizons and disciplines. When it comes to street youths or young people with severe difficulties, the way one listens to and reads body language becomes an essential and truly fundamental dimension of one's action and understanding. Indeed, body language concurs to the expression and articulation of various forms of distress and self affirmation in youth, and these patients often stir up intense reactions in clinicians involved with them. Consequently, close teamwork and attention to body reactions are considered as essential means to keep one's own vitality and psychic integrity. Questioning and interpreting body language, one's own and the other's, should be at the core of clinical intervention when confronted with youths living in precarious situations or afflicted with addiction.

ABSTRACT With the raging debate particularly in the United States regarding the establishment through the path of psychotherapy or psychoanalysis of the reality of traumatic events, the author insists on a rigourous use of the terms of the debate. The Freudian theory, surrounding the concept of psychic reality could not bear only on the unconditional support of either parts: recovered memories/false memories. On the contrary, emphasis must be put on the originality of the concept of psychic reality, which distinguishes itself from both eventful reality and pure imagination. The author underlines the specifically psychoanalytical approach of access to memory, and uses it to criticize notions of recovered memory as well as false memories, while reaffirming what would be a fundamental ethic of psychoanalysis and any other psychotherapy claiming to be inspired by it.