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Keywords: tourisme polaire, conceptualisation, mythologie, expérience, diversité

In the Batcham subdivision family farms are ruled by a former land tenure that organizes the relationship of household members to the land. This reduces conflicts to a minimum threshold. To men belong property rights materialized by perennial crops and to women belong culture of food rights, both inalienable. For more than a decade, unprecedented climatic disturbances are jeopardizing these secular equilibrium. To reduce their dependency to cycle of rains now unpredictable, women farmers are strongly coveting bottomlands dominated by plants of raffia-palms that are exploited by men for the production of palm wine. The analysis of women's logic of action in the light of the scarcity and/or abundance of resources theory, suggest that beyond the need to adapt to changing climate conditions, there is a growing challenge to male privilege and, therefore, to the patriarchal nature of the Batcham society. Through semi-structured and informal interviews, we have been able to identify the terms that take this competition around the land and the resources that both men and women mobilize to alienate these bottomlands. The analysis of the logics of action of women in this changing climate context demonstrates a growing challenge to male privilege and therefore to the patriarchal organization of this society. The palm wine, main victim of this belligerence, is rooted in local culture where it is subject to multiple uses. Its disappearance would have serious economic and socio-cultural consequences.

Keywords: changements climatiques, mutations sociales, agriculture paysanne, conflits de genre, Ouest-Cameroun, climatic changes, social changes, peasant agriculture, gender conflicts, West Cameroon

The production process of olive oil in Morocco is dominated by systems that generate a by-product, olive mill wastewater, harmful to the environment. In this article, specific approaches are proposed to bring millers for adhering to the greening of this agribusiness. The results reveal that it would be interesting to direct some olive oil producers to preventive techniques, although expensive for the majority of these operators, but do not produce olive mill wastewater. Millers concerned are those with very high incomes, or those predisposed to organize themselves within the framework of producer groups, or those with adaptable equipment. The technique of control, represented by the exposure of olive mill wastewater to natural evaporation in basins, should primarily target the old oil mills established before the promulgation of regulations on Environmental Impact Assessment. Also, olive mill wastewater collection actions should be directed to oil mills which do not have space for basins. Finally, aid should be made to poorest millers for building evaporation basins.

Keywords: margines, Meknès, environnement, durable, écologisation, Maroc, olive mill wastewater, Meknes, environment, sustainable, greening, Morocco

The study aims at analyzing farmers' perceptions of climate variability and their relevance to climate observations. Climatic data from 14 stations and farmers' perceptions of climatic variability were collected from 201 farm managers in 67 villages in southern Benin. A combination of qualitative (informal and semi structured interviews of socio-professional groups, participant observation and triangulation) and quantitative (Structured questionnaire) approaches were used. Farmers are more sensitive to changes in rainfall patterns from 1951 to 1970 and from 1971 to 1990, particularly the shift in the onset and the end of rainy seasons, increase in the frequency of drought sequences, decrease in the number of rainfall days and rainfall deficit than the relative recent increase in precipitations that occurred in 1990 and 2000 in the study area. However, shift in scale regional or local reduce significantly the gap between farmers' perception and climatic data. Farmers also acknowledge the decrease in temperature and the raise in the frequency of violent winds during rainy seasons. These perceptions are in contradiction with climatic data collected and suggest in depth investigations to better understand these divergences. In order to mitigate climatic variability, farmers have developed adaption strategies mostly based on their perception. This offers window of perspectives to develop adaptation strategies based on farmers' perception and interests.

Keywords: précipitation, vent, température, perception, adaptation, climat guinéen, Afrique de l'Ouest, Bénin, agriculture, paysans, precipitation, wind, temperature, perception, adaptation, guinean climate, West Africa, Benin, agriculture, farmers

Numerous researches have dealt with public debate practices, specially on environmental issues. But few of them have studied the effects of these debates on relations and tensions between decision makers. Now, public debates in certain circumstances, may introduce conflicts and, paradoxically be used to overcome these lasts. It will be shown how PPRTs (Plans of Prevention of Technological Risks), following the Bachelot Act of July 2003, generate tensions between state and local public authorities because of two kinds of discussions, relating to, on the one side, environment and health protection and, on the other side, particular interests. In order to manage these tensions, public debates are considered by central and local authorities as a means whose control is at stake. In other terms, the test of public legitimization appears to be both a trouble maker of the state regulation process and a way of managing this perturbation. Thus the first goal of the PPRTs: reducing risks at source, has been progressively transformed into implementing protections against catastrophes.

Keywords: risques, industriels, technologiques, Seveso, environnement, territorialisation, aménagement, territoire, concertation publique, France, industrial, risks, technological, Seveso, environment, territorial, land settlement, public debate, France

Jalāleddin Mohammad Rumi is a 13th century Persian mystical (Sufi) poet and thinker, among the most renowned in the West. His fame is due both to the immense size of his poetry work, which comprises Masnavi-e ma'navi and Divān-e Šams e Tabrizi, and a relatively recent popular demand in English-speaking North America for his spiritually inspiring poetry. Translating Rumi cannot be devoid of political implications given the topical character of transcultural relations between Western societies and the Islamic world as well as the complexity of Rumi's eclectic thought, subject to controversy within the orthodox paradigm of Islam. As a result, multiple examples can be cited of the interference between political, ideological, and poetic instances in the process of transferring Rumi's message into European languages. This article shows how ideology interferes with the operation of translation in light of ethical, sociolinguistic and hermeneutic theories of translation, and presents some notable occurrences of this intervention. Among the cases examined are suspicions of antisemitism arising from the English translation of an allegorical story of Masnavi, the intervention of some political institutions to annex the Persian thinker to the Turkish culture, and the Islamising tendencies of certain translators and specialists of Rumi who attempt, through their commentaries, to associate the author's universal thought with the central doctrine of Islam.

Keywords: déformation, islamisation, herméneutique, poésie soufie, polysystème, deformation, Islamization, hermeneutics, polysystem, Sufi poetry

This paper presents an analysis of the implementation of the local food purchase Programme (PAA) in rural settlements in Brazil. As a public policy device wich incorporates support to the commercialization of smallholder agriculture and food aid for people in difficulty, the PAA is a significant innovation for food security, in particular by promoting the formation of short circuits nearby.Thus, our study focuses on two areas in the state of São Paulo : on the one hand the Milton Santos settlement is located in the periphery of the second largest metropolitan area in the state, around Campinas, on the other hand, the Antônio Conselheiro and Margarida Alves settlements are in Mirante do Paranapanema township in the region of Pontal do Paranapanema, west of the state, far from major urban centers. For these three settlements, we examined changes in the productive and dietary logic of the families of Small farmers and the beneficiaries of the food distribution.

Keywords: sécurité alimentaire, souveraineté alimentaire, réforme agraire, politiques publiques, développement rural, multifonctionnalité, agriculture, food security, food sovereignty, agrarian reform, public policies, rural development, multifunctionality, agriculture

Because of their transversal and multipurpose character, evaluation of territorial development policies cannot rely on the tools used to assess sectoral policies. Procedural issues are mainly dominant, since arrangements essentially focus on governance and coordination. In order to evaluate a procedural approach, specifying the assessment referential is necessary. What and how evaluate ? It is the purpose of this paper, which aims to contribute to assessment methods, by analysing the impacts of a research-action to develop a "weakened" territory of the "Alto Sertão of Piaui and Pernambuco ", located in Northeast of Brazil. The objective is to characterize the processes at work, in order to understand them and to define their scope.The first part lists the expectations regarding the territorial development policies: increasing and mobilizing the human, social and institutional capitals, so as to develop adaptation and innovation capacities and improve systems of activities and governance. Territorial engineering processes must be assessed in the light of their ability to build competencies, to encourage innovation and have it recognized by the governance systems. The methods used to evaluate the experiment are then presented both qualitative and quantitative.The experiment is described in the second part of the article. Actors's training and project elaboration were combined trough the organization of a governance forum, technical experiments and training sessions. In terms of governance, this led to the creation of a local consortium as well as a technical agency, both in charge of implementing different development actions, within a territorial project. Our goal is to give some facts on the action and its impacts.The third part discusses the insight brought by this experiment. The authors notice the ideal conditions of the experiment, and how difficult its replication turned out to be. They evaluate how the learning process contributed to the development of human, social and institutional capitals, mobilized in terms of collective skills, them alone being able to change situations by creating new development opportunities, by achieving innovation trough the construction of pragmatic rules, offering a solution to the studied issues.The conclusion analyse the evaluation criteria and the possible improvements to the methodologies developped.

Keywords: Développement territorial, dispositifs de gouvernance, Innovation, compétences collectives, innovation, Territorial development, governance arrangements, collective competencies, Desenvolvimento territorial, dispositivos de governança, Inovação, competências colectivas

Population growth and urban development in the South renew research topics on agriculture. Advantageous in some respects, urban agriculture entails many risks, especially those related to the quality of irrigation water and to urban farmers'practices. The article illustrates the case of Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar, where watercress, which is highly appreciated by the consumers, had a growing development in the lowland of the city. This activity creates high income and can be practiced all around the year. However, health risks associated with its conditions of production are numerous : use of waste water and urban effluents, questionable practices of some farmers and traders. A multidisciplinary research program has studied this situation. A survey on consumption showed that methods used by households from Antananarivo for watercress preparation are suitable. Furthermore, microbiological analyses of the product at the production level and in households are reassuring. However, some issues remain unresolved. A qualitative survey reveals a duality in the image of the product : consumers are indeed shared between, firstly, their good appreciation of organoleptic and nutritional qualities of watercress and, secondly, their fear of disease related to the conditions of production they witness. The problem of safety is real because of the subjectivity of consumers that could, at worst, turn away from this product, at best, ask questions about the quality of their diet.

Keywords: Antananarivo, Madagascar, agriculture urbaine, cresson, irrigation, sécurité sanitaire des aliments, Antananarivo, Madagascar, urban agriculture, watercress, irrigation, food safety