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Considerable technical and financial effort has been invested by Québec in the cleaning up of municipal wastewaters and storage of animal manure to meet demands by citizens to restore the province's rivers to their former state. Water pollution control has required technological and management choices that have resulted overall in public investments in excess of $7.2 billion, with over $400 million going to operation costs annually. Have these choices enabled Québec to attain a water quality level consistent with a social optimum?Based on a case study taken from the Chaudière river watershed, Québec, Canada, this article posits two conditions for achieving a social optimum and underscores the factors that have offset the efficiency of water pollution control policies in Québec. According to the data collected on this watershed, between 1981 and 1992, $125 M was invested in the construction of sewage water treatment plants using various treatment methods, while $8.6 M went towards manure storage facilities. On the whole, $527 M is expected to be spent over 25 years to service the debt for municipal wastewater treatment within the watershed.While inputs of pollutants, especially BOD5 and phosphorus, have dropped significantly with the construction of the wastewater treatment plants, levels of residual pollution in the watershed remain high. It is suspected that total residual loads of phosphorus from municipal and agricultural sources are still well above the loads eliminated through wastewater treatment. If they are to achieve an efficient watershed-based approach to water management, decision-makers are faced with two conditions: the first addresses intersectoral efficiency in controlling pollution in a watershed and the second involves minimizing intrasectoral costs of pollution control. The <intersectoral efficiency> condition explains the administrative and technical choices made as well as the importance of the political market in allocating resources to water pollution control among the socioeconomic sectors responsible for water quality deterioration. The <minimizing intrasectoral costs> condition explains how to minimize the costs in a specific socioeconomic sector among the available water treatment solutions. Using performance data from wastewater treatment plants and the total cost of wastewater treatment in the Chaudière river watershed, it can be assumed, based on a cost efficiency ratio, that an optimal level of water quality should occur as a result of the establishment of municipal wastewater treatment infrastructures. However, it would appear from the results obtained that Québec's water treatment program has deviated from a social optimum, i.e., restoration costs have not been shared equitably among users/polluters within the watershed, and measures to ensure maximum removal of pollution at minimum cost have not been secured. The play of political forces is central to the allocation of resources among pollution sources. Without a proper hard core concept, a water pollution control policy will not be able to elaborate the best solutions oriented towards attaining a social optimum. In the context of the high residual pollution loads within the watershed, there remains the issue of what water quality level is desirable at what cost, particularly with respect to the community's contribution to date and the efficiency of the response strategies that have been implemented. Now that wastewater treatment infrastructures have been set up, and a watershed-based approach to water management becomes effective, water resource managers and users/taxpayers should turn their attention away from discharge objectives only to focus also on the costs and performance of the watershed's treatment plants as a whole, so that removal of pollutant loads at high-performance facilities may be maximized.

Keywords: Contrôle de la pollution de l'eau, bassin versant, efficacité intersectorielle, minimisation des coûts, coût-efficacité, pollution résiduelle, optimum social, rivière Chaudière, Water pollution control, watershed, political market, intersectoral efficiency, cost minimization, cost efficiency, residual pollution, social optimum, Chaudière river

AbstractThis study examined the unique contribution of indirect aggression related to concurrent behaviour, social and family adjustment problems. A total of 191, 5th and 6th primary school girls (mean age 12.0 years) and their families participated. Results supported the hypothesis that the adjustment of indirectly aggressive girls is different than that of nonaggressive peers, but rather, are similar to that of overtly aggressive girls. No significant differences between the two groups were found. Indirectly aggressive girls showed significantly more internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems than their nonaggressive peers. These girls also experienced more social problems and parents reported less contentment regarding the relationship with their daughter. Our findings justify the need to consider indirect aggression as an important marker of risk in the prediction and development of girls' maladjustment.

AbstractA number of research projects have focused on ethno-cultural minority families and the solidarity they demonstrate towards incapacitated relatives. Such research has shown the great importance they attach to family solidarity, the significant amount of care they provide, and their low level of dependency on outside sources. However, most of this research has targeted either long-established immigrant groups, or mixed groups, thus debarring any grasp of the dynamics that influence recent immigrant families. The present study looks at 15 recently immigrated families who look after an incapacitated relative. An analysis of interviews with them indicates that there is no one single standard of family solidarity and that these families experience many constraints that restrict both their ability and their desire to take care of their incapacitated relatives.

AbstractIn the last few decades, we have witnessed the “destandardization” of the life course. More specifically, the transition from work to retirement has been destandardised, as the “worker” and “retired” statuses have combined or alterned in variable forms. In the present study, we identify 11 forms of transition by means of analyses of sequences relative to the labor market activity and to the sources and levels of incomes of a cohort of Canadians aged between 50 and 64. We found variability in the forms of transition, evidenced by differences in the propension to maintain a job within the course of a partial retirement, in maintaining or to resuming labour market activity after a job cessation, and by disparities in sources and levels of income. We also identified personal and professional characteristics associated with the forms of transition. The results are relevant to social policies regarding inequalities of seniors in labour market activity, and the adequacy of sources and levels of income during this transition.

Keywords: États-Unis, Commission Dies, Congrès américain, Chambre des représentants, Extrême droite, Nativisme, Nazisme, Special Committee on Un-American Activities

AbstractContemporary research in geography in Quebec appears to be divided between social and cultural geography. A similar tendency has been observed in France by Christine Chivallon. In each nation there is, however, a tendency towards reconciling the two per-spectives. Many social geographers deal with questions of representation and identity, and cultural geographers do not hesitate to refer to the social in their study of place. In Quebec, especially, both geographies show a similar interest in the spatial encounter of populations with unequal access to power, within a framework concerned with the issue of the nation. A comparative analysis of recent work conducted by two young geographers interested in the relationships of the social and the cultural, one French, the other from Quebec, shows how their trajectories meet, despite differences due to the particular context in which their knowledge is produced. This convergence reminds us of the evolution which led to the emergence of the new cultural geography in English-speaking countries in the 1980s. Would French-speaking geog-raphers from France and Quebec be in the process of creating a new social geography on both sides of the Atlantic?

Keywords: Géographie sociale, géographie culturelle, France, Québec, territoire, nation, savoir géographique, nouvelle géographie sociale de langue française, Social geography, cultural geography, France, Quebec, place, nation, geographical knowledge, new French-speaking social geography

Keywords: Mouvement étudiant, sexisme, censure, Révolution tranquille, université

AbstractThis research paper focuses on the issue of Francophone identity in a minority situation and the identities conveyed by the Festival du Voyageur, a winter festival featuring highly symbolic content celebrating the Francophone history in Manitoba. At the theoretical level, this research shows how such an event, however innocuousit may seem, fulfils certain social functions within the community by showcasing a highly idealized collective identity. This research specifically studies two types of identity: on the one hand, an identity that can be observed concretely and empirically, on the other hand, an identity portrayed by various media in Winnipeg. The corpus of the study comprises observations made by people taking part in the Festival, but also an analysis of a media corpus which includes four media: SRC's Le Manitoba ce soir, the CBC's local televised news, the Winnipeg Free Press and the newspaper La Liberté. Our hypothesis maintains that a medium's specific orientation has an influence on its content.

This article provides a broad introduction to green criminology and the study of environmental crime. It discusses the emergence of this approach, its key concepts and empirical concerns, and the issues likely to feature in future work in this area. Among the topics discussed are eco-justice (related to specific types of environmental victimization) and ecocide (pertaining to the criminalization of environmental harm). Transgressions against humans, eco-systems, and nonhuman animals provide an overarching framework within which to discuss specific types of crimes and harms, from illegal fishing to pollution that contributes to global warming. Retrospective analysis and environmental horizon scanning are used to describe the broad conceptual contours of green criminology, past and present.

Keywords: Criminologie environnementale, crime environnemental, écojustice, écocide, changement climatique, Green criminology, environmental crime, eco-justice, ecocide, climate change, Criminología medioambiental, delito ambiental, ecojusticia, ecocidio, cambio climático