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Which public policies approaches do SMEs prefer to support their social responsibility actions? Are there differences between countries? A study based on 300 SMEs in France and Quebec shows that they prefer supportive rather than coercive approaches. SMEs in both regions react in a similar manner to the majority of policies they were presented with. Quebec SMEs, however, seem to better accept coercive approaches and are more sensitive to financial incentives compared to French SMEs. These differences are analysed based on the cultural specificities of each country.

Keywords: Responsabilité sociale, développement durable, politiques publiques, PME, nouvelle gouvernance, cultures nationales, Social responsibility, sustainable development, public policies, SMEs, new governance, national cultures, Responsabilidad social corporativa, desarrollo sostenible, políticas públicas, PYME, nueva gobernanza, culturas nacionales

This paper proposes to interpret the process of entrepreneurial legitimacy construction for women entrepreneurs from a theoretical framework based on the social transaction theory perspective. We use a qualitative research design based on grounded theory and undertaken with 41 French women entrepreneurs operating in different sectors. Our findings show that the feeling of legitimacy is strongly embedded with their interactional experiences and their underlying mental framework. This study also underlines how social interactions are strongly imbued with categorical gender judgments which women entrepreneurs must counter through the development and implementation of interesting strategies in order to acquire legitimacy.

Keywords: Transaction sociale, Transaction biographique, Transaction relationnelle, Légitimité, Théorie ancrée, Entrepreneuriat féminin, Social Transaction Theory, Biographical Transaction Theory, Relational Transaction, Legitimacy, Grounded Theory, Women Entrepreneurship, Transacción social, Transacción biográfica, Transacción relacional, Legitimidad, Teoría anclada, Mujeres emprendedoras

For many years, agency theory has been the dominant theory in the field of governance studies. An alternative model, the “stewardship theory”, was recently proposed based upon different behavioural hypotheses. These hypotheses may be true in certain cultural contexts. This paper intends to examine the impact of control mechanisms on the decisions of R&D (Research and Development) investment within the IT (Information and Technology) industry in two different national cultures. Our empirical results indicate that agency theory is pertinent in an individualistic culture such as in France while stewardship theory is rather appropriate in a collectivist culture such as in Taiwan.

Keywords: Conseil d'Administration, R&D, France, Taiwan, Board, R&D, France, Taiwan, El Consejo, I + D (Investigación y Desarrollo), francesa, taiwanesa

This paper addresses the question of governance within science-based industries. Across 110 interviews of leaders or managers of biotechnology firms in Quebec, several models dealing with value creation revealed both the issue and nature of interactions between the projects of biotech firms and those of their financial partners. It is because of the radical uncertainties related to the question of mastery of the expert knowledge that a game of exchanges of behaviors takes place. It implies the various protagonists of two regulations, the regulation of the real innovation projects and the regulation of the financial projects, and a set of rules built from a mixed regulation.

Keywords: gouvernance, biotechnologie, incertitude, expertise, cognition, régulation, governance, biotechnology, uncertainty, expertise, cognition, regulation, Alta dirección, biotecnología, incertidumbre, conocimiento experto, cognición, regulación

AbstractWe argue that family businesses (FBs) will tend to treat their employees with unusual consideration to form a cohesive internal “community”. They are also expected to develop deeper, more extensive “connections” or relationships with outside stakeholders. Both behaviors should increase the viability of a business intended to support an owning family and its later generations. Such social linkages, we believe, may compensate for the lack of capital, product and labor institutional infrastructures in dynamic emerging economies. This survey study of a most challenging emerging market sector, namely, Korean high technology businesses, largely supports these expectations.

Keywords: entreprise familiale, direction des ressources humaines (DRH), relations entre organisations, lacunes institutionnelles, capital social, marché émergent, family firms, human resource management (HRM), inter-organizational relationships, institutional gaps, social capital, emerging markets

This article is situated at the intersection of two subfields in translation studies: corpus-based translation studies and news translation research. It draws on both of these fields to develop an approach that allows us to identify the presence of translation in an historical French newspaper, the Gazette de France (1632-1792). Through a series of case studies inspired by so-called translation “universals,” it tests the widespread assumption that the section of the newspaper called Nouvelles ordinaires is made up of dispatches translated from gazettes published in Germanic languages. By confirming this hypothesis, the results support research carried out on the history of the press and underscore the hermeneutical value of the universal of interference.

Keywords: traductologie de corpus, traduction journalistique, histoire de la traduction, universaux de traduction, interférence, corpus-based translation studies, news translation, translation history, translation universals, interference, traducción basada en corpus, traducción periodística, historia de la traducción, universales de la traducción, interferencia

AbstractThe concept of folk religion was very much present in French historiography during the 1970's. Thanks to the polysemic nature of the concept and the new avenues it opened up for understanding religious phenomena, this new field attracted researchers from extremely varied backgrounds. The 70's correspond to a time of upheaval in Church life, in society in general, and also in the world of knowledge and research. A survey of the participants in this debate will make it possible to better understand the important strategic elements present throughout the discussion of the notion of folk religion.

In order to give access to employment to a population of marginalized workers, the French law of February 11th, 2005 for the Equality of rights and opportunities, the participation and citizenship of disabled persons has strengthened the law of 1987 and increased the financial contributions of businesses with more than 20 employees not respecting the rate of 6%. This law underlines various rights, such as those of compensation and reasonable accommodation, and officially recognize the education of the French Sign Language practiced by deaf people. Although innovative, this legislative framework does not provide all the necessary resources; neither does it solve the inequalities and discriminations. From a working group with deaf employees and about a hundred discussions with other deafs workers, their colleagues, managers, Human Resources representatives, occupational physicians, Mission Insertion Handicap and trade unions, we will be outlining the doubts towards the professional relationships of these employees. We will highlight the difficulty to identify the interlocutors who could contribute to the improvement of their situations. Also, we will refer in particular to the initiatives provided as well as the avoidance on the part of trade unions, the search for interlocutors outside companies, and, in a general way, the reinterpretation of local responsibilities and referents in a systematic negotiation of the conditions of application of the law.

Keywords: sourds, syndicats, diversité, collectifs de travail, politique publique, deaf, labor union, collective work, public policies

This study is conceived as an interdisciplinary historical, theological, educational and anthropological research of the construction of a Catholic identity on the basis of the “self” and the non-Christian “other”, in this case Islam, in the narrative and discursive settings of Church history textbooks for primary and secondary religion education in French Canada (Québec) and in Belgium (1870-1950). In recent years, a huge amount of studies, starting from the analysis of textbooks, on cultural identities and educational mentalities have been produced in the classical history of education. Nevertheless, such studies have almost been a blind spot in theology and religious education. In concrete, we will appeal to a number of theological concepts like “inclusivism” and “exclusivism”, who are particularly suited to shed a light on the process of constructing a cultural identity.