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Introduction: Since its appearance in China at the end of 2019, the sanitary response to COVID-19 infection has disrupted the delivery of primary healthcare services, including those related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the Democratic Republic of Congo, anti-COVID-19 measures (containment) effect on the use of HIV preventive and care services for people living with HIV (PLHIV) remains poorly described to date.Objective: Compare and understand the effect of anti-COVID measures on the use of HIV prevention and care services for PLHIV in Outpatient treatment centers from Bukavu before (October 2019 to February 2020) and during (March to July 2020) anti-COVID measures.Methods: Multisite mixed study with an explanatory sequential design carried out in Bukavu between July and September 2021. Quantitative phase is observational, descriptive, retrospective and based on programmatic data from Outpatient treatment centers (OTC). Qualitative phase, guided by quantitative results, is based on 31 semi-structured interviews with caregivers and PLHIV.Results: Compared to the pre-COVID-19 period, anti-COVID-19 measures resulted in an 11-20% decrease in HIV preventive and PLHIV’s care services. They also led to stock outs of antiretrovirals and HIV tests, HIV services reorganization, some caregiver’s contamination with COVID-19 and death of others, and a drop in HIV services use.Discussion and conclusion: In Bukavu, anti-COVID-19 measures have had a negative impact on the care of at-risk, HIV-infected people. They have hampered progress towards the objectives of 95% of people tested for HIV, 95% of PLHIV on treatment and 95% of PLHIV with a suppressed viral load.

Keywords: COVID-19, COVID-19, impact, impact, HIV services, services VIH, outpatient treatment centers, centres de traitement ambulatoire, Bukavu, Bukavu

Introduction: The reform of the training system in Nursing and Midwifery Sciences (NMS) in Benin made it possible to train nurses at the academic master's level in the Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) profile. However, despite the recognition of this new training on an academic level, the role of the APN in the health system where these nurses will be called upon to practice in a multidisciplinary team at the heart of a very diversified medical and nursing culture and practices, is not yet clarified.Objectives: 1- Identify the areas of intervention, scope of action, roles, mandates and possible activities of the APN, as well as the factors favorable and unfavorable to the development of Advanced Nursing Practice (ANP) in the Benin health system; 2- Determine the constituent elements of a formal and regulatory framework for the exercise of ANP in Benin.Methods: This qualitative research based on Leininger's theory of universality and diversity of care (1991) will also be based on the PEPPA model (Participatory, Evidence-Based, Patient-Focused Process for Advanced Practice Nursing) proposed by Bryant-Lukosius and Dicenso (2004) for sequencing the stages of development, implementation and evaluation of a new APN role. Semi-directed individual interviews and focused groups with nurses and midwives of Beninese nationality holding a master's degree in NMS will be conducted. Self-administered questionnaires and collection of texts will be used to collect data from health personnel and managers of clinical care structures and services.Discussion and Research Spin-offs: This study will identify the benchmarks that will support the implementation of the APN role in Benin's health system, clarifying its areas of intervention, scope of action, mandates and possible activities, as well as the context necessary for its implementation.

Keywords: advanced nursing practice, pratique infirmière avancée, advanced practice nurse, infirmier en pratique avancée, health system, système de santé, ethnonursing, ethnonursing, Benin, Bénin

This article discusses the perceptions of students with emotional and behavioral difficulties (EBD) regarding the effectiveness of teachers’ classroom management practices. The interviews with fourteen PDC students enrolled in secondary school special class were analyzed using a qualitative thematic analysis approach. Based on the model of the five components of classroom management, the results offer an unprecedented perspective on classroom management and reveal a large inventory of practices perceived effective by participants to manage the classroom. They also reveal that the type of school attended and attitudes towards it particularly influence their perceptions. Finally, the perceptions of students with EBD are quite consistent with the practices recommended by research in the field.

Keywords: Classroom management, Gestion de classe, students with emotional and behavioral difficulties, élèves présentant des difficultés comportementales, perceptions, perceptions, practices, pratiques, effectiveness, efficacité

This paper examines the asymmetries between the actors in the implementation of the local circular economy (CE) project in the Municipalité Régionale de Comté (MRC) of Kamouraska, in the administrative region of Bas-Saint-Laurent (Quebec, Canada). Based on 40 semi-structured interviews with 26 stakeholders, we analyze the actors’ positions in the network through their resources and skills, their knowledge and their roles. The results underscore two main asymmetrical relationships in the actor network. The first refers to a form of local sovereignty of a territorial actor for the development of the CE project in Kamouraska. The second is characterized by the existence of at least three actor sub-ecosystems with differences of importance in network functioning and local CE implementation. Therefore, our results emphasize the necessity to consider the asymmetries between actors in the transition to CE. To this end, we highlight new trajectories of actions to minimize the negative externalities of actor asymmetries in local CE experiments.

Keywords: Économie circulaire, Circular Economy, territoire, territory, acteurs, actors, réseau, network, asymétries, asymmetries

This article presents the importance of language concordance on healthcare received by Francophone patients in Ghanaian health centres. To do this, we present the effects of language barriers on patient management and the communication strategies used by the said patients. Based on results of interviews of 25 Francophone students (out of 32) who had visited health centres in Ghana, we discover that communication difficulties can have negative effects on healthcare access. Such effects include delayed consultation, extra cost due to poor diagnosis, and the risk of serious medical errors which could lead to the loss of life. To fill the communication gaps during medical consultations, most of the respondents resort to strategies such as using gestures and ad hoc interpreters. We suggest some recommendations for better management of minority language speakers in the Ghana healthcare system.

Circular economy faces several challenges: the impossibility of an absolute decoupling between growth and negative externalities, rebound effect, and a lack of consideration for social justice (Calisto Friant et al., 2020). Degrowth offers solutions to these challenges: producing less, sharing more, and deciding together (Abraham, 2019). This article aims to illustrate the contribution of the degrowth perspective to debates concerning circular economy, by analysing the healthcare sector. The healthcare system, focused on curative care and in constant growth, contributes to the socio-environmental crisis. The Clinique communautaire de Pointe-Saint-Charles, a community clinic in the Montreal area, offers an alternative to the dominant model. It criticizes the emphasis placed on curative care over preventive care, and postulates that socio-economic living conditions primarily determine the health status of citizens. The Clinic is an organization that is close to the common people, defined as a collective that self-organizes to answer the needs of its members.

Keywords: Health system, Système de santé, degrowth, décroissance, health commowning, commun de santé, community health, santé communautaire

Traditional universities based on face-to-face teaching had no choice but to make massive use of distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. Each university had to react according to its own institutional logic and its own "organizational archetype" when it came to teaching. Certain values, beliefs, norms and operating mechanisms relating to teaching were either reinforced or overturned by the massive use of distance learning. Based on an in-depth qualitative study of a major Canadian business school, we analyze the extent to which teaching-related actions and decisions taken during the pandemic reinforced or undermined its organizational archetype. The analysis suggests that the decisions taken strengthened the organizational archetype based on the value of face-to-face teaching and teacher-student interaction, but also weakened it, particularly with regard to values and norms concerning teacher autonomy and expertise, and the sharing of roles and decisions between teachers, managers, and students.

Keywords: enseignement à distance, distance learning, pandemic, pandémie, COVID-19, COVID-19, archétype organisationnel, organizational archetype, institutional logic, logique institutionnelle, university, université, business school, école de gestion

This article explores the importance of various challenges in the post-secondary experience of adult CEGEP students, and how these difficulties change over the course of their academic career. Although there are positive factors (high motivation, significant investment of time, clear choice of studies) among adult students relating to perseverance and success in post-secondary studies, their graduation rate is considerably lower than that of younger students. It seems that the educational pathways of adult students is strewn with various obstacles that are often ignored by school administrators and deserve to be explored in greater depth. Drawing on data from a longitudinal survey (2020-2023) of a sample of 1,015 students aged 24 and over, this article presents an analysis of the situational, dispositional, and institutional difficulties encountered by these students. Analyses are carried out taking into account three characteristics of adult students: gender, parenthood and paid work. The results show that situational difficulties are the most frequently identified, with some gaining in importance as the semester progresses, followed by dispositional difficulties, which, for their part, see their importance decrease as the student progresses through school, then, finally, by institutional difficulties. Two profiles of adult students identify more difficulties, particularly situational ones: women and student parents. Further research is needed to better understand how these difficulties influence adult students' decisions to drop out of school.

Keywords: adult students, étudiants adultes, difficultés, difficulties, enseignement collégial, college education, educational pathways, parcours scolaires, return to school, retour aux études, Québec, Québec

In France, since the beginning of the nineties, the increasing number of public “affairs” media has revealed the growing tension existing between local politicians and professionals of the cultural field. One of their subjects of confrontation is related to the legitimate aims of culture in relation to public intervention. Enabled by the transforming relationship between the political and the local cultural fields, this phenomenon of re-politicization is rooted in specific territories and expresses itself by a lack of inhibition among local politicians to intervening in what is generally considered as the area of the professional artistic milieu. The aim of the article is to provide some thoughts on the socio-political motives of such a type of politicization and the conditions that enable them possible.

This article studies the positions of two great female writers of the medieval period in the construction of a cultural vocabulary destined to become that of the “Querelle des Femmes”—the ceaseless debate on the place of women in society which grew out of the writings of medieval moralists and preachers. In the historical context of a generalized misogyny that both prescribed and justified the exclusion of women—considered to be naturally inferior to men—from the world of literature, Marie de France and Christine de Pizan affirm their intellectual authority and demonstrate the beauty, both perfect and paradoxical, of women’s writing.

Keywords: Moyen Âge, Écriture, Marie de France, Christine de Pizan, Genre