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Dyes are widely used for industrial, printing, food, cosmetic and clinical purposes as well as textile dyeing because of their chemical stability, ease of synthesis, and versatility. Their stability, however, causes pollution once the dyes are released into the environment in effluents. More than 800,000 tons of dyes are annually produced worldwide, of which 60 to 70% are azo dyes. Considering the heterogeneous composition of these latter dyes, their degradation usually requires a chain of physical, chemical and biological treatments assuring the elimination of different pollutants in successive steps. In addition, some azo dyes are toxic and mutagenic and thus the biological treatment of these dyes is now of major scientific interest. Physical-chemical treatments (adsorption, coagulation/flocculation precipitation, etc.) are usually used for industrial effluents. In spite of their rapidity, these methods have turned out to be ineffective in attaining the standards required for these discharges. As a viable alternative, biological processes are receiving increasing interest owing to their cost effectiveness and their ability to produce less sludge. It has been found that some microorganisms can transform azo dyes into colourless products. Bacterial degradation of azo dyes is often initiated by an enzymatic biotransformation step that involves cleavage of azo linkages with the aid of an azoreductase and an electron donor. As the azoreductase in some microorganisms can catalyze the reductive cleavage of azo groups, they have potential advantages in developing bio-treatment methods of wastewater containing azo compounds.

Keywords: Colorants, pollution de l'eau, industries textiles, biodégradation, toxicité, Synthetic dyes, wastewater pollution, textile industries, biodegradation, toxicity

AbstractAnalysis of the various programmes offered by the Canada Council for the Arts reveals that government financial aid is not sufficient to allow for the consistent creation of operatic works. This is further borne out by studies of the operations of various professional organisations that benefit from these programmes (including professional and university workshops), as well as all the mechanisms that surround the premiere of a new opera (from its commissioning to its first staging). In sum, most of the funds are used to meet operating costs of the country's various operatic organisations. In order for Canadian opera to thrive, composers must turn to lyrical companies and not opera houses.

The article depicts the evolution of Managed Care. A first part describes and evaluatesthe Managed Care experience in the U S. After a review of the major events thatled to Managed Care in the U.S., the paper expands on cost-control mechanisms,changes in the medical practice and their impact on patient's health. In the secondpart, the article proposes a theoretical interpretation of the development of HMOsbased on the cost transaction theory, and uses the W.H.O evaluation grid to outlinethe orientations of the U.S. health care system.

Keywords: HMO, soins gérés, mécanismes de contrôle des coûts, théorie des coûts de transaction, Managed Care, HMO, Cost-Control mechanism, cost transaction theory, Managed Care

The Latin genethliac poem celebrating the birth of James VI of Scotland is often recognised as one of the most significant poems by George Buchanan, but it has never been fully analysed so far. This paper ambitions to propose a global interpretation of the genethliac, taking into account its literary as well as political aspects. After replacing the poem in the historical context of the reign of Mary queen of Scots and in the literary tradition of the genethliac poetry, the analysis focuses on three striking features of the poem: the lack of the maiores thematic, the opening prophecy and the portrait of the good king. The article also touches the problem of the double redaction, and gives a first critical edition and complete French translation of the poem.

In the early days soon after the release of the landmark policy paper Indian Control of Indian Education (1972), postsecondary studies among Indigenous people in Quebec were still new and relatively unknown. Against a backdrop of Indigenous communities starting to take ownership of their own services, the demand for postsecondary Indigenous graduates began to increase significantly, resulting in the development of tailored programs and services: the Amerindianization program led by UQAC in 1971 and the founding of Manitou College in 1973, for example, stand out as two major milestones. The distinctive linguistic reality of Quebec moreover soon became apparent, adding to the initial bilingual dimension (moving from an  Indigenous language to an non-Indigenous one) the duality of a francophone and anglophone education system rooted in colonial history. Drawing on a review of literature on postsecondary Indigenous education in Quebec from 1972 to 2021, our analysis in the present article is framed around the changes that took place over these past five decades in programs and services provided by postsecondary institutions. Also discussed are issues involving Indigenous student paths marked by identity, systemic racism and discrimination. We note that in spite of sustained efforts by an increasing number of institutions, Indigenouspeople still face enduring barriers. We conclude with some thoughts on the university and the CEGEP as postsecondary institutions, their development model and their role in decolonizing and democratizing education.

Keywords: autochtone, enseignement supérieur, services aux étudiants, programmes d'études, Québec, Indigenous, higher education, student services, study programs, Quebec