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AbstractThe external action of the European Union (eu) requires to adopt a holistic approach to be properly understood : the notion of human security makes such an approach possible. This notion can be defined as an ideal situation characterised by the effectiveness of human rights. Yet, it is striking to observe that eu institutions have endorsed the notion of human security in the key texts of the European external action, in particular in the revised European Security Strategy (2008). Besides, eu external policies have a common goal consisting in protecting and operationalizing human rights. Thus, we can assert that the eu acts implicitly on the international stage as if it complies itself to an human security-driven approach.

Keywords: Union européenne, action extérieure, sécurité humaine, cohérence, European Union, external action, human security, coherence/consistency, Unión Europea, acción exterior, seguridad humana, coherencia

Recent events in world politics raise Fundamental doubts about the reasons behind conflict, crisis and war. What, for example, causes a state to become involved in an international crisis ? In an attempt to answer that question, the present study focuses on the experiences of a leading member of the international System over a sustained period of time, specifically, the United States in the post-World War 11 era. Ultimately, in order to develop a more comprehensive explanation of activity by the United States in international crises, this investigation combines external factors with others from within the state. Following a brief review of the research program on conflict linkage, internal attributes with potential relevance to involvement by states in crises are identified. External influences on foreign policy, consistent with the tradition of realpolitik, also are specified. These elements then are combined in a model of conflict linkage. Using data pertaining both the US as a polity and an actor in the international System, propositions derived from the model are tested in the crisis domain. The study concludes with some recommendations for further research on the linkage of domestic and foreign conflict, with particular reference to the explanation of crises.

In the first section of this paper, the author tries to demonstrate how the increasing importance of modelisation/simulation reveals the existence of a crisis in strategic thought, seen as a crisis in the management of complexity, even more so as a crisis regarding the fundamental concepts of strategy, and regarding its claim even (as the " triumph of the means over the end " ) to tell how the world should be managed and what must be its destiny. At the same time, it is suggested that the dominance of " technolanguages " is growing, that the various attempts to overcome this crisis through the use of " artificial intelligence " are extremely promising, provided however that we agree to " a criticism of the strategic time-space ". In the second section, the author deals with the main problems and constraints linked with the conversion of strategic expertise into information processing languages and recommends that research be done along five axes : an update of the " fundamental connectors ", a kind of synapse in the strategic thinking, a study of the " attributes " and a setting up of such elaborate typology as " linguistic atoms ", and finally analyses of " contexts " and " key questions ".

All over the world, public research organizations (PRO) have adopted a policy of systematic patenting over their research results. Economic consequences of this change have been widely documented. Yet, less has been written on the way PRO use their intellectual property. We show here that, although firms have for long understood the importance of a contextualized use of their patent portfolios, it is not the case of PRO, which remain locked into a restrictive view of patents based on exclusivity. But a policy of exclusive licensing is not the only option for PRO. In some cases, that we attempt to define, it is more efficient in order to foster technology transfer, to adopt more open model of use, based on non-exclusive licenses or on open source strategies.

Keywords: brevet d'invention, transfert de technologie, universités, accords de licence d'exploitation, open source, Patent, technology transfer, universities, licensing, open source, patente, transferencia de tecnología, universidades, acuerdos de licencias de explotación, open source

Faced with the globalization of markets, what strategies are food-processing cooperatives adopting? After presenting the conceptual framework and background of globalization, the author examines surveys conducted since 1969 on the internationalization of cooperatives and data on the international transactions of French food-processing firms from 1996 to 2003. During the latter period, cooperatives had less international business than capitalist firms–20% and 50% respectively of sales were outside France–and most of this business took place within Europe. Dating from the late 1960s, this trend of increasing international activity has primarily been through the development of franchises and subsidiaries and has mainly concerned eleven cooperative groups. The article provides a qualitative analysis of the approach of these groups as well as an analysis by area of activity. Between user value and stockholder value, the decisions are often complex. Public policy should also consider the fact that cooperatives play a key role in local development as demonstrated by their expansion in France.

Keywords: Appalaches, biodiversité, conservation, Corridor appalachien, montagnes Vertes

Keywords: Géotourisme, géoparcs, partenariats, réseau

Keywords: Mobilisation des écrits, approche inductive, théorie, empirie, théâtre

Starting with the various meanings of the concept of professionalization and its dimensions, this study analyzes the meaning that the Cameroonian government attached to it and the resulting actions. A content analysis was conducted on a documentary corpus consisting of five-year plans, structural adjustment plans, global development strategies and education sector strategies covering the period of 1960-2020, supplemented by interviews with selected resource persons. This analysis shows that two major dimensions of professionalization are implemented in Cameroon: that of teaching, taken as a corporation, and that of study programs. The first dimension has been the subject of several public policies, without being officially designated under the term professionalization. The second has been salient in the official discourse since the mid-1970s. It aims for a better management of student flows and the smooth integration of the youth into working life. This study suggests a closer examination of the relationship between the "professionalization of study programs" and the "professionalization of the teaching staff".

This article presents a qualitative narrative research strategy based on a three-step data collection process: individual interviews, complementary data based on commented photos created by participants, and group interviews. This strategy was developed as part of a research project on workplace integration experiences and women's relationship to work in preschool and elementary education. The objective of the project was to facilitate the visibility and expression of certain challenging or invisible aspects of salaried and domestic work. This article details the epistemological and theoretical foundations, data collection strategies, that is, commented photos, as well as some of the data generated. Finally, potential contributions were raised, including greater involvement of participants in the co-construction of results beyond the traditional spatial and temporal boundaries of individual and group interviews.