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The paper presents a framework for the researches on EDI performance in the SME development process. Confronting to the Inter-Organizational System implementation constraints which affect the SME's networks; to the lack of exploratory research and to the weakness of the SME's EDI network model, we are formulating an analysis corresponding to this technology development in an electronic link, or in an electronic market area.This analysis contributes to found a conceptual frame to analyze the EDI adoption process and the organizational change. It is also aimed to justify an EDI performance matrix. The conceptual frame is in favour of an informational integration strategy, consistent with the activities areas and the technological choices. Benefits and Advantages for the SME are induced by this EDI network strategy. Performance diagnosis matrix justifies the IOS Model choice. Benefits and Advantages for the SME are relatively assessed to the concerned management level.

Keywords: Intégration électronique (IE), Système d'information interorganisationnel (SIIO), Échange de données informatique (EDI), Stratégie d'alignement, Réseau d'entreprises

SUMMARYAccording to the behavioural approach, man is the product of his interaction with the environment. Normal as well as pathological behaviours are seen as the result of learning. Even individual subjectivity is perceived as a collection of internal behaviours responding to the same laws as overt behaviour. The therapeutic intervention consists therefore in the restructuring of learning conditions so as to eliminate problem behaviours from the individual's repertoire, and to replace them with more adapted behaviours. The approach does not, however, provide a definition of adaptation. The latter is a value judgement, made by society or the interventive agent, with respect to the individual's behaviour. Serious ethical problems can be posed and the interventive agent must take them into consideration. At the level of intervention in community health the behavioural approach suggests the use of milieu ressources to settle individual problems. Therefore the consultant becomes an educator and a planner in resource-utilization rather than a "therapist" in the traditional sense of the term» This approach provides very powerful methods of action at the level of primary and tertiary prevention and of evaluation of interventive success.

Le Wind Energy Strategic Network (WESNet) a notamment pour but de développer des technologies pour optimiser les éoliennes pour le climat canadien. L’éolienne de 10kW a été conçue à l’Université du Nouveau-Brunswick et l’École de technologie supérieure pour répondre à ce mandat. Elle est équipée d’un système de calage variable électromécanique et d’un système d’optimisation de la puissance faisant varier le couple du générateur. Contrairement à ce qui est couramment rencontré en industrie, ce dernier reste actif pour des vents de vitesse supérieure à la vitesse nominale. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de concevoir deux stratégies de commande pour le système de calage variable de l’éolienne du WESNet et de comparer leurs performances en conditions réelles de fonctionnement afin de déterminer laquelle permet la meilleure …

This paper attempts to explain the controversial, and politically risky, Canada-us Free Trade Agreement (CUFTÀ) as a by-product of political entrepreneurship in pursuit of electoral realignment. Upon becoming Prime Minister of Canada in 1984, Brian Mulroney harbored one overriding ambition : to engineer electoral realignment whereby his Conservative Party would supplant the Liberals as the dominant federal party in Quebec, and by extension, in Canada. Mulroney sought realignment by satisfying Quebec's fundamental institutional demands, which took the form of the Meech Lake constitutional Accord. This objective necessitated the construction of a coalition that married the trade and constitutional issues. Mulroney's brokerage skills ensured that CUFTA progressed in tandem with Meech Lake as a means to realizing his first-order objectives.

AbstractBusiness policy teaching is 100 years old. Strategic management research is 50 years old. The business policy “raison d'être” was to be reflexive, integrative, synthetical. Born in the 60' as a research field, strategic management is now mainly coloured by analysis, statistical explanation, general relations finding and prescription avoidance. The results are mostly neither actionable nor critical. In the context of today it seems necessary to generate strategic theory as revisited moral and political studies or “noopolitics” and management studies. This effort implies epistemological openness and methodological pluralism to build explicit values oriented and prescriptive knowledge able to afford different and contextualized purposes.

Keywords: politique, management stratégique, conception, pluralisme épistémologique, liberté, business policy, strategic management, design, epistemological pluralism, freedom, politica, management estrategico, concepcion, aperture epistemological, liberta

By European standards, both France and Germany have a strong economic fabric of SMEs. The article sets out to place the entrepreneurial features of the two countries side by side in order to reflect on the reform of the relationship between results of SMEs and the nature of the national industrial fabric. A series of methodological considerations are followed by an analysis of the strategic behaviour and management methods of French and German medium-sized industrial enterprises, with a view to highlighting their differences and similarities. This leads on to an attempt to explain the structural causes of the difference in results between French and German firms. In conclusion, the importance of rearticulating the relationship between companies' results and the competitiveness of the national productive system is stressed in connection with both countries, but with France in particular.

Keywords: Alliances, Comportement, Coopération, Flexibilité, Impartition, Multicompétence, PME, PMI, Réseau, Stratégies génériques de développement, Système productif, Territoire, Vraies et fausses PME

In March 2015, following the destruction of World Heritage sites by the Islamic State (ISIS) in Iraq, the Director-General of UNESCO launched the Unite4Heritage communication campaign. At the time, this was less a response to the crisis than to the criticism it sparked from Internet users on social media, who accused the UN agency of either overdoing or, conversely, underdoing its efforts to protect threatened or destroyed sites. As a knock-on effect, the response to the criticism gave the agency's staff the opportunity to reflect in depth on the link between the protection of cultural sites and that of populations threatened by armed conflict, and thus on the role of their organisation in the fight against violent extremism. This reflection has led to institutional changes that enabled UNESCO to regain, at least for a time, its legitimacy and even consolidate its position in the multilateral system. Previously limited to a normative role, responsible for drafting and monitoring international cultural conventions, it has gradually taken on an operational mandate to manage emergency situations.

Keywords: Multilatéralisme, UNESCO, patrimoine mondial, communication des organisations internationales, réponse aux crises, Multilateralism, UNESCO, World Heritage, Communication by international organisations, Crisis response