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AbstractIn June 2002 the government of Quebec unveiled a draft bill targeting poverty and social exclusion. Bill 112 would make anti-poverty actions a governmental priority and commits the government to developing concrete action plans and institutional structures for implementation. The draft bill is accompanied by the government's anti-poverty strategy. This article describes the roots of the law and strategy in a citizen and popular initiative and considers its implications for democracy. While the project is relatively general, it does have the advantage that it puts anti-poverty in the spotlight as well as understanding the problem from a longitudinal, integrated and participatory perspective. Only time will tell whether there will be more specific results.

SummaryThis study deals with new forms of work organization (NFWO). Whereas, in the past, this subject has been approached by many authors from the perspective of the impact of innovative practices on business performance (Arthur, 1994; Handel and Gittleman, 2004; Handel and Levine, 2004), this study rather sets out to study the diffusion and the determinants linked to work organization. Consequently, we can ask the following question: what differentiates firms having implemented new forms of work organization (NFWO)? To answer this question, two perspectives will be used: the institutional perspective and the contingent perspective.On the one hand, according to the institutional perspective, businesses could be tempted to imitate competitors and/or to follow the enthusiasm which increasingly, many industries show for NFWO (Dirsmith, Fogarty and Gupta, 2000). They might equally be compelled to adopt NFWO due to surrounding coercive forces. According to this approach, the choice would thus be rather the result of sectoral imitation (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983) limited or encouraged by the different groups of actors in the business.On the other hand, according to the contingency theory, businesses should be bound to their internal structure as well as to their policies and human resource management practices on their business strategies and their internal strategies. The choice to adopt or to implement NFOW would stem, from this perspective, from a rational and strategic choice (Dunphy and Bryant, 1996). Thus, businesses opting for participative management and having initiated a quality management approach would be more inclined to adopt new forms of work organization oriented towards autonomy and, conversely, those having adopted autocratic management and mass production without concern for quality would be less attracted by these practices (Dean and Bowen, 1994; Handel and Levine, 2004).The results of this study show that 27% of establishments surveyed chose to implement NFOW substantially, which is comparable to the results obtained by Osterman (1994a, 2000). Also, although we did not test for the presence of complete practice systems, it appears that few businesses chose to thoroughly implement several practices linked to work organization. To this end, we observe that autonomous work teams are less implemented than are the other selected practices. Our results suggest that the contingent perspective and mainly internal strategies better account for the presence of NFOW than does the institutional perspective. Concretely, we found that the presence of a leadership strategy by costs, of participative management, of a quality management approach, and a market culture based on performance are all linked to the presence of NFOW when the degree of penetration for these practices is considered. However, on the institutional perspective side, the sector to which the business belongs, the competitive pressure to which businesses are exposed, the governing mechanism and their level of growth are linked to the presence of NFOW only when these are superficially implemented.In conclusion, certain businesses implement NFOW in a way so as to be coherent with their strategies and values, while others seem rather to follow the style of the day, without achieving true change as concerns their work organization method.

AbstractThis paper gives an overview of the literature on effective crime prevention and its implementation. Scientific evaluations of crime prevention projects that tackle risk factors often reveal that they reduce crime and are often more efficient at doing so than standard criminal justice responses. Inter-governmental organizations agree on the critical steps necessary to mobilise relevant agencies to tackle such risk factors. Despite recommendations by parliamentary committees and a growing number of experts, effective crime prevention has not achieved the prominent role that it could occupy in order to more effectively reduce rates of crime in Canada. However, the recent policy announcement by the province of Alberta may offer some ways in which this resistance might eventually be overcome.

Keywords: Prévention du crime, données probantes, implantation de programmes, Canada, Crime prevention, evidence based, program implementation, Canada, Prevención del crimen, prácticas basadas en la evidencia, implantación de programas, Canadá

Corporate restructuring has been a socio-economic reality for at least three decades. Since the 2008-2009 crisis, its pace has accelerated and pushed workers' representatives to contest, accept, or influence how such restructuring takes shape.This form of union mobilization is not without contradictions, especially in terms of its functions amongst workers' representatives. This paper analyzes these strategies through an international comparison of four local unions in two different national contexts (France and Canada). We argue that research on strategies must extend beyond a focus on national institutional contexts and towards union power “to”, referring to actor capabilities to engage in action. Three types of mobilization are identified: ‘opposition', ‘cooperation', and ‘inventivity'.The contribution of this article is, at the same time, to underline the importance of trade union power, but to question it in the long term, the emergency strategies following the announcement of restructuring taking various directions. Despite the fact that a long-term analysis of union power relativizes our results, this power remains crucial at a time where institutions are transforming.

Keywords: restructurations d'entreprises, syndicats, analyse comparée, institutions, entreprises multinationales, pouvoir social, corporate restructuring, trade unions, comparative analysis, institutions, multinational corporations, social power

In a study on reading strategies, we collected data using an introspective technique: the think-aloud protocol. In the present article, we report various aspects to be taken into consideration when administering this technique : how to initiate verbalization from the participants ; how to transcribe the protocols ; how to insure reliability, etc. Data were collected from 16 French-speaking graduate students at Laval University (Québec, Canada) while reading two abstracts, one in French and one in English. A total of 90 processing strategies were identified. Limits and pedagogical implications regarding the think-aloud protocol are discussed.

Keywords: Lecture, protocole oral, introspection, stratégies, français, adultes, universitaires, résumé, francophones, étudiants diplômés, Reading, think-aloud protocol, introspection, strategies, second language, English, adult, University graduate students, abstract, native speakers, English-speaking subjects

Reading is currently conceived of as a search for meaning in which the reader integrates strategies from different levels. Chauveau and Rogovas-Chauveau (1990, p. 24) write : “Reading is the product of primary processes (finding correspondences between graphemes and phonemes, partially decoding a word, immediately recognizing words or syllables) and higher processes (understanding the language, making syntactico-semantic predictions, using the surrounding context to identify elements). It is located at the intersection of ascending and descending mechanisms”. Various profiles of students with reading difficulties emerge from analysis of the knowledge and strategies these students use to recognize words in a text. Three strategies appear to be essential: immediate visual recognition, segmentation of words aided by grapho-phonological correspondences, and use of context. These strategies draw on the nature of the students’ languages skills. A student with reading difficulties tends to overuse one strategy to the detriment of the others. According to the preferred strategy, the student may be classified as an over-decoder, as an over-guesser or as a word searcher. Also, the student may change strategies while reading without integrating them. Distinguishing itself from the main traditional currents in re-education, the teaching model defended here is based on a cognitive conception of reading and recommends alternating structuring sessions aimed at increasing knowledge of the language with significant reading situations wherein the beginning reader learns to make functional use of his or her knowledge and to develop authentic reading patterns. Teaching proficiency and reading strategies involves making students aware of the mental procedures they should use in order to learn. Awareness by students of their mental functioning seems essential if they are to learn to independently use the strategies indispensable to understanding the words and meaning of a text. The pedagogical approach described here is adapted to the profile of the reader, which determines the nature of interventions to carry out. Strategies which are not used, or are little used, are introduced, not to eliminate over-used strategies, but as necessary complements.

The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples’ final report mainly recommended to the federal government to implement a vast renewal project of Aboriginal and Canadian relations. Two reasons explain why the federal government has never been able to implement such a project. First, RCAP recommendations were in discordance with the economic and political contexts of 1996, which prevented them from gaining the support of the decision-makers. Secondly, Aboriginal critiques towards RCAP’s final report convinced the federal government that a renewal project was not politically clever. The federal government developed instead, between 1996 and 2005, an alternative approach to implementing the RCAP recommendations, designated in this article as a strategy of parallels.

The process of negotiation is an understudied topic in academic literature on entrepreneurship. Thus, the negotiation is crucial for a positive issue of the whole business transfer process. Theoreti-cally, this paper focuses on the strategies the successor is able to use during an external business transfer negotiation. Empirically, this study aims successors and advisors to prepare the negotiation phase. Methodologically, this research stands on a in situ participant observation grid. This grid facilitates the observation of behaviors, languages, body signs able to train to turning points in the negotiation.

Keywords: reprise d'entreprise, négociation, processus, Business Transfer, Negotiation, Process, Adquisición de empresas, Negociación, Proceso

Student learning outcomes depend of many factors. Among these, teaching strate gies would be of importance, more specifically teaching styles. Scales had been propo sed to measure teaching styles. The Trigwell and Prosser Inventory of teaching approaches is one of these, and seems to become more and more popular. However, a French version of the Inventory is not available to support research and practical applications. Thus, a French translation of the Inventory had been realized in the Québec Province. An explanatory factor analysis shows that two factors explain the structure of the translated instrument, like it was discovered in the English version. The first factor is characterized by a strategy centered on the teacher, and directed toward information transmission to students. The second factor is associated to a strategy centered on the student, and aimed at inducing conceptual changes.

Keywords: Styles d'enseignement, traduction d'instruments de mesure, analyse factorielle, Teaching styles, instrument translation, factor analysis, Estilos de ensino, tradução de instrumentos de medida, análise factorial