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The author presents an analysis of variables related to the development oftraining strategies in organizations. From this analysis, the author identifiescertain characteristics of these variables as well as specific relationships betweenthese different characteristics. Identification and description of these variablespermit the author to describe two dominant types of training strategies used inorganisations, those of "integration" and those of "aspiration".

Under the constant pressure of economic factors, pay determination is now recognized as a human resource management practice, likely to increase organizational efficiency and, at the same time, stimulate cooperation and trust between organizations and their employees. Even though there has been a wealth of literature on the subject of compensation, until now most proposals have been very conceptual and few efforts at empirical verification have been made. In the light of the strategie perspective on compensation, the objective of this study is to define the impact of organizational strategies on compensation Systems of production and distribution firms in the province of Quebec.According to some authors, compensation is becoming increasingly important in the management of organizations. However, can the existence of significant links between compensation and business unit strategy be verified? Do internal or external factors have an impact on compensation strategy? Furthermore, is pay determination influenced by market strategy, technological innovation, organizational structure, or the organization's size, age, sector of economic activity or union representation ? Is the pay System for top management different from that for non-management employees? Finally, are new forms of remuneration emerging in Quebec organizations, as the evidence suggests, and to what extent?In keeping with current research trends on strategie pay determination, the present study focuses on both management and non-management employees. Three different hypotheses are investigated: (l)the relationship between business unit strategy and compensation strategy; (2) the link between business unit strategy and the strategie pay choices; and (3) the link between organizational characteristics and compensation strategy. The analysis of business unit strategy is based on Miles and Snow's (1978) typology while compensation is measured with Gomez-Mejia and Balkin's (1992) model. Miles and Snow's (1978) typology is well known in the field of organizational strategie management and is based on sound empirical data whose validity has been tested. Gomez-Mejia and Balkin's model is at the centre of recent studies based on the pairing of compensation strategy dimensions. Aimed at production and distribution organizations employing 100 people or more, the present research was administered by means of a questionnaire in the summer of 1995. Of the people surveyed, 21% answered the questionnaire, which is a good representation of reality. Results show that theories based on the strategic perspective, according to which compensation is influenced by organizational strategie development, are largely invalidated. Where it was expected that compensation strategy would differ from one organization to the other, consistent with the type of strategy adopted, similarities were identified. Analysis of the data on the relationship between business unit strategy and strategie pay choices revealed significant differences only in terms of risk taking where non-management employees are concerned and of basic pay for management employees. Organizations whose success is based on their ability to innovate in the development of new product Unes and which have management programs that give individuals the utmost autonomy by promoting informal communication and internal competition, favour compensation policies where the firm's performance influences the pay determination of non-management employees. On the other hand, management personnel are subject to knowledge acquisition programs which have taken over the traditional job evaluation. They are thus required to further their knowledge and qualifications so as to increase their pay level rather than rely on promotion to higher ranks with more responsibilities.As regards the influence of organizational characteristics, union presence was the only one shown to play an important role in the establishment of compensation strategy. Compensation in unionized organizations is based on a mechanistic or mixed pattern, in contrast with the organic pattern of non-unionized organizations.To conclude, the results of this study clearly indicate that strategie harmonization of pay practices is not yet prevalent within production and distribution firms in Quebec.

It is generally accepted that maritime strategy, which has never ceased to be one of the main concerns of the American strategists since 1898, has contributed significantly to the changes which have occurred in strategic thought since 1981, and that it has an influence on the evolution of the Atlantic Alliance. In this study, an attempt is made to full the gaps in the thoughts on US maritime strategy by focussing on an analysis of the debate as revived by the 1982 war in the Malvinas although such debate was current under the Carter administration; a debate which has attracted very little attention, if any, from those who have been studying the question of expenditures in Europe. It opposes two of the main schools of thought in strategy, namely the maritimist and the coalitionist.

This article investigates the operational issue of the construction of CSR strategies in the international context. The theoretical discussion focuses on the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of local, global and transnational CSR logics. The observation is based on the study of five French multinational corporations. The processual analysis of relational dynamics between headquarters and subsidiaries is used to identify the different phases of conception and implementation of these strategies. This article also highlights the importance of a differentiated management for local, global and transnational CSR strategies, taking into account the specific characteristics of each of these logics.

Keywords: internationale, relations siège-filiales, entreprise multinationale, processus stratégique, étude de cas, International CSR, headquarters-subsidiary relationships, multinational corporation, strategic process, case study, RSE internacional, relaciones sede-subsidiarias, empresa multinacional, procesos estratégicos, estudio de caso

We seek to find the factors that influence European Union member states' support for a common natural gas strategy. Even though the EU already expressed its will to act in energy issues, member states' national interests still prevent a coherent energy policy from being implemented. We test three member states with the LIG theory, which considers that groups that represent economic and industrial interests are the most influential on their national foreign policy. We compare this theory with realist and constructivist approaches and conclude that the level of gas import dependency and national identity factors are less influent on state support to the common policy than is the level of investment of national energy champions in the Russian gas sector.

Keywords: intégration européenne, groupes d'intérêts, sécurité énergétique, European integration, interest groups, energy security

The comparative analysis of Quebec's social policies has developed through two types of approaches : explicative and qualificative. This article proposes a comparative analysis of Quebec's strategy to fight poverty and social exclusion, a perspective which is not often adopted in light of these two approaches. This double comparison makes it possible, on the one hand, to evaluate the weight of Quebec's strategy as an explicative factor for social inclusion policies (through a comparison with EU-15 member states) and, on the other hand, to analyze more precisely the political choices of Quebec's strategy (compared to those of Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario and Nova Scotia).

For small luxury firms, one development alternative is to engage in collective strategies. The search for distinctiveness inherent in the luxury entrepreneur results in a special positioning within a collective strategy. Our work offers to renew the approach to luxury by proposing a double analysis combining the resource approach with the structural network analysis. In contrast with the idea that a central position is favorable, it appears that, for the luxury entrepreneur, a favorable position in terms of distinctiveness is the periphery.

Keywords: Approche structurale, Entrepreneur du luxe, Etude de cas, Positionnement, Ressources et compétences, Singularité, Structural approach, Luxury entrepreneur, Case study, Positioning, Resources and competences, Distinctiveness, Analisis estructural, Empresario del lujo, Estudio de caso, Posicionamiento, Recursos y competencias, Singularidad

AbstractThe aim of this study is to analyze attitudes of Grade 5 students regarding three teaching-learning procedures used in physical education involving different formative evaluation strategies: evaluation by the teacher, evaluation by the teacher and the student himself, and evaluation by the teacher and by the student's peers. These strategies were applied during four lessons in two classes. The students' attitudes, obtained following each lesson, permitted the researchers to identify the reasons underlying these attitudes and to describe those conditions which would permit students to participate in their own evaluation.

This article is a reflection on policy evaluation practices in Québec Ministry of Health and Social Services. It proposes different ways of improving the linkages between policy implementation and evaluation. The strategy of « accompanying evaluation », which is presented in the article, does not constitute a new type of evaluation. It serves rather to promote an open-minded attitude on the part of the evaluator concerning the realities of implementing policies. A discussion of the evaluation of Québec's mental health policy illustrates the approach.