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This article proposes to show the plurality of Sévigné's critical postures, a plurality condensed in certain letters in the manner of a scaffold. As with many correspondences, the Sévigné text encompasses the full range of an existence: that of an actress negotiating her power in the real world and that of an author developing a text. These are the two features of a writing that observes and judges the world. The first two parts of our article analyze the epistolarian's two postures. One, mundane and normative, anchors the letter in contemporary action; the other, moralistic and philosophical, enlarges the circle of possible readers and thereby enlarges the letter's field of action. A third part of our article analyzes the structure of these two critical ethea using an extract from a letter dated January 5, 1674. Our aim here is to better understand the passage points between mockery, satire and philosophical reflexivity. In this sense, the letters of Madame de Sévigné are revealed to be the appropriate genre for reflecting on the continuity of these critical registers.

Forest ecosystems, which provide multiple goods and services to humans, face various anthropogenic and climatic pressures. However, the establishment of certain protected areas by authorities alters the lifestyle and organization of local populations, particularly in Africa. This research analyzes the factors contributing to the degradation of the Alibori Superieur Classified Forest in Benin. The primary data collection methods used were semi-structured interviews and cartographic data analysis. Sampling was based on purposive selection targeting a diverse profile, followed by the snowball technique, which enabled interviews with fifty participants, including forest rangers, local elected officials, and neighboring populations. This research draws on the strategic perspective of Crozier and Friedberg (2014). Geospatial results show a significant reduction in the forested area, with open forest and wooded savannah decreasing from 57,911 ha in 2000 to 4,740 ha in 2022. Furthermore, the data reveal that the clandestine expansion of agricultural lands and agropastoral activities within the forest by neighboring populations are the primary causes of this degradation. Additionally, the management and conservation regulations implemented have led to circumvention strategies, thereby accelerating the degradation and overexploitation of natural resources. Local populations, who have inhabited the area for several generations long before the forest was classified in 1955, maintain a deep-rooted sense of belonging and legitimate rights to these lands, which they perceive as their ancestral heritage. This connection, combined with their livelihood activities centered on agriculture and livestock farming, poses a persistent threat to the ecosystem's balance while exacerbating tensions among the forest's various users.

Keywords: aire protégée, pression anthropique, agropastorale, stratégies de contournement, Bénin, protected areas, anthropogenic pressure, agropastoral, evasion strategies, Benin

What does theatre do to the landscape? After offering a critical overview of theoretical reflections on the idea of landscape in theatre and theatre studies, this article aims to identify the key characteristics of contemporary relationships between theatre and landscape, and to define their ecological stakes (staging the agency of non-human elements, practices of environmental attention, cultivation of attachments). To this end, the study draws on analyses of the following performances: Blockhaus (2014) by Alexandre Koutchevsky, Paysages partagés (2023) by Caroline Barneaud and Stefan Kaegi, and Ce que nous dit l'eau : rituel d'attachement (2023) by Floriane Facchini.

Keywords: paysage, attention, intercession, immersion, participation

In North Cameroon, the French colonial administration adapted its policy of maintaining colonial order to pre-colonial, geographical and anthropological realities. This adaptation resulted in the creation of the goumiers corps, responsible for territorial surveillance and colonial intelligence, exclusively in this region of the country. Initially recruited by the guards in the service of the region's great Muslim chiefs, the goumiers were at the heart of the relations of power and collaboration between the colonial administration and the traditional authorities. The evolution of their mission and the professionalization of their policing practices also reflect the tensions that ran through the relationship between the administration and the traditional powers. As intermediaries between the colonial power and the local police, the goumiers were also tax collectors and were at the heart of inter-imperial diplomacy between France and England, particularly in the surveillance of colonial borders and Sahelian borders.

Keywords: Noubou Noumowe, Nord-Cameroun, police coloniale, goumiers, maintien de l'ordre, espace sahélo-sahélien, Noubou Noumowe, North Cameroon, colonial police, goumiers, policing, Sahelo-Sahelian region, Noubou Noumowe, norte de Camerún, policía colonial, goumiers, vigilancia, región sahelo-saheliana

This article offers a phenomenological analysis of landscape and the interaction between the protagonist and nature in Gabrielle Roy's final work, Le Temps qui m'a manqué. It seeks to understand how the work gives meaning to nature—a nature that diverges from traditional representations prevalent in Quebec literature and challenges the understanding of wilderness that has developed over time. This article thus recognizes a hermeneutics of landscape that will influence characters' journeys in Gabrielle Roy's work.

Keywords: Phénoménologie, Écopoétique, Nature, Paysage, Michel Collot, Merleau-Ponty, Gabrielle Roy, Phenomenology, Ecopoetics, Nature, Landscape, Michel Collot, Merleau-Ponty, Gabrielle Roy

Thomas Carlyle characterised pre-Revolutionary France as “The Paper Age,” where paper signifies a flimsy and fraudulent culture of inflated ideas and depreciated money. Yet paper was also the substantial vehicle of Romantic literary and intellectual endeavour and the circulation of ideas—a ubiquitous, multifarious medium and powerful agent of cultural change across Romantic Europe. Paper means books, magazines, manuscripts, letters, but also wallcoverings, wrappings, papier maché objets d'art, and waste. This essay explores the multivalencies of Romantic paper: at once fragile, vulnerable, and ephemeral (the single sheet) and resilient, flexible, and enduring (the bound book); both high culture (Wordsworth's The Excursion) and high prestige (Coleridge's unique Malta notebook) but also low culture (playbills) and low prestige (manufactured from rags). Shifting attention from the inky message to the paper medium, and drawing on technological, economic, ecological, regional, and labour contexts of paper manufacture, distribution, use, and reuse, this article aims to theorise and apprehend anew a tactile and affectively loaded Romantic material that can be invisible and elusive in its portability, transformability, and pervasiveness.

In this paper, we analyze the function of language denominations in the normative discourse of 17th-century remarques, as well as in Éléazar de Mauvillon's Remarques sur les germanismes (1753 [1747], 1754). Stemming from the initial observation that certain denominations may appear descriptive, but in reality, fulfil a normative function, this analysis identifies the evaluative dynamics associated with different languages. The results reveal that language denominations are generally used in a normative manner, and yet, the degree of prescriptiveness varies in relation to the linguistic group and its status. A significant divergence is found in the use of Germanic language denominations. While they are used descriptively in 17th-century remarques, Mauvillon employs them in a strongly prescriptive manner. These conclusions reflect the impact of linguistic ideology on the conception of normative discourse across different works.

Keywords: remarques, idéologie linguistique, discours normatif, critique du langage, remarks, language ideology, normative discourse, language criticism

Based on observations and interviews conducted during various events organised by members of the Tuareg diaspora living in France, I will examine the presence of a wood-burning stove made in exile and used during festive gatherings. I will first discuss the object itself, its creation, and its various uses. Next, based on a detailed description drawn from various observations made between 2011 and 2022, I will analyse this object as a witness to an individual journey, used as a means of bringing people together, exchanging ideas and warming up together. Finally, the analysis will focus on the interactions surrounding the object, around which a kind of narrative continuity of the collective persists. It establishes a link between different geographical spaces, life paths, and ways of connecting.

Keywords: Peraldi-Mittelette, communication, diaspora, exil, France, objet, sensorialité, Touareg, Peraldi-Mittelette, communication, diaspora, exile, France, object, sensoriality, Tuareg, Peraldi-Mittelette, comunicación, diáspora, exilio, Francia, objeto, sensorialidad, Tuareg