Search Results

Throughout the XIXth century federalism in Eastern Europe sought to regroup small nations and states within federal structures capable of guaranteeing their collective independence in the long-term vis-à-vis those powers directly interested in that region of the continent.After the First World War the federalist forces of Eastern Europe, conscious of the tragic effects of the balkanization of Central and Eastern Europe, had approached regional reconstruction in a spirit of unity. This unity, whose spirit and idea derived from a common historical experience, was taken up by the progressive forces active within the resistance during the Second World War.Shortly thereafter, among the political forces tending to promote regional unity, the socialist and communist parties engaged in activities of major importance. From their initial perspective, the solidarity of the Eastern Countries was to lead to the establishment of federal structures without the adhesion of the Soviet Union.

Research improvement in small businesses leads to complete human resources studies. At present, domains of interest in small businesses relate to recruitment, formation and competencies management. There is not a lot of studies in French research about human resource management and especially about wages. This is the reason why this article focuses on the relations between size and wages. This paper will examine the aspects of the following questions: how to consider and analyze the wage structure and the wage determination ? Could we consider the size as predominant in the choice of wages ?So, this paper examines whether the determination of wages differs between large and small firms. The first part of this article develops literature review on the concepts of total compensation and size. It leads to present a conceptual model and to test this model on three remuneration practices. Two empirical studies are conducted: a statistical research and two cases of small businesses.The purpose of this paper is to shed light on some issues by providing empirical results and empirical evidence on the extent of real wage determination between wage rules, firm size wage effect... So this paper investigates the relative importance of internal (size and sector) and external forces in wage formation in the French small businesses. The results show that wages are largely determined by size but not only, external forces are significant as well.

Keywords: PME, Rétribution globale, Rémunérations, Salaires, Taille, Identité, Participation financière, Individualisation, Intéressement, Actionnariat

Written in the form of a police investigation, this article examines a claim made by the first biographer of Mgr. de Laval (1623–1708) that a clergyman, whose name he did not mention, made wooden organs for churches in Quebec City and its surroundings. The author of this article formulates here a research hypothesis on the identity and life of this first Canadian organ maker based on several clues discovered in archives relating to the New France era. Ultimately, this article is a reflection on the cultural context that prevailed in Quebec City at the turn of the 18th century and an invitation to researchers to pursue this investigation, which reopens the debate on the genesis of organ making in Canada.

Keywords: facture d'orgue, colonie, Québec, organ making, colony, Quebec

This essay seeks firstly to define maurrassism within the context of French political ideology. Secondly, it examines the degree to which maurrassism penetrated French Canada's intellectual culture. By comparing French Canada with Belgium, the author explores the extent to which one can speak of a genuine maurrassian influence in French Canada or rather of cultural and political transfers. Finally, the essay shows that the vision of French Canada held by Charles Maurras and his disciples was primarily conditioned by their vision of France and was not, therefore, the result of a real effort to understand French Canada itself.

Since the mid-1990s, the concept of ecosystem services has been growing in popularity at academic and operational level. The aim of this paper is to analyse the different meanings of these concepts in economic science. In this context, it is important to explain the origin of the notion of ecosystem services in order to put forward a typology that treats them as externalities, or as provision of services, or as services included in a product subject to a market transaction. On the basis of our typology, we develop a critical analysis on various regulating instruments for these services.

Keywords: économie, services écosystémiques, externalité, activité, produit joint, paiements, services environnementaux, economics, ecosystem services, externality, activity, joint product, payments, environemental services

In order to prove the high level of biodiversity in the French forests, public authorities decided to choose dead wood volume as a referential indicator in 2011. This choice resulted from a long scientific and sociopolitical process that has elevated lack of deadwood – yet traditionally ignored by forest stakeholders – as an environmental public issue. After a moment of confusion, tests, and argumentative construction to catch decision makers' attention, scientists finally proved the importance of dead wood for biodiversity thanks to an intense work of categorization and objectification. Although the scientific community has succeeded in elevating dead wood as a key indicator of biodiversity, this status is continuously under the threats of scientific advances. Taking into account the diversity of dead wood logs seems indeed more interesting than measuring the volume alone. Likewise, innovative metric processes such as AND barcoding provide more precise information on saproxylic biodiversity than the volume of dead wood that could appear as an outdated metrics. Nevertheless other factors such as data collection costs, practicability of implementation, and communicability towards forest managers, may convince public authorities to keep dead wood volume as a referential indicator. The double status of deadwood which is simultaneously a handy and stable indicator for forest management and also an on-going research object, may evolve significantly according to the scientific and political choices that will be made in the next decade.

Keywords: problème public, catégorisation, biodiversité, indicateur, forêt, bois mort, public issue, categorization, biodiversity, indicator, dead wood, forest