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In continuation with the work on civic environmentalism, which focus on how local activism reconfigures citizen engagement in urban space and governance, in the perspective of the ecological transition, the authors of this article examine the role of urban agriculture associations in the Plaine Commune institutional territory (communauté d'agglomération) of Ile-de-France. It appears as a double territorial logic related to both the nature of the actors and to the spatial and socio-political dynamics.

Keywords: environnementalisme civique, mutualisation territoriale, agriculture urbaine, gouvernance urbaine, nature en ville, civic environmentalism, territorialization, urban agriculture, urban governance, urban nature

This paper engages with the coupled social and environmental dynamics of irrigation development in sub-Saharan Africa through the case study of Bagré in Burkina Faso. A mix of traditional social science research and participatory methods meant at strengthening the role of local farmers in decision making over irrigation development allows identifying how people affected and sometimes displaced by the construction of irrigation infrastructure frame the idea of justice and identify related principles for their compensation. The research highlights that people affected by the project link the legitimacy to get plots in the newly build irrigation system to the duration and nature of customary rights that individuals have on the land. They also stress the importance of free choice when it comes to irrigation practices and of defining current compensation rules that account for the needs of future generations. While such views had not been considered in previous irrigation development projects implemented in the area in the 1990s and 2000s, the agency now in charge of overseeing irrigation development in the Bagré area has streamlined some of these in its procedures. Compensation practices follow the social safeguard policy of the World Bank whose aim is that none of the people affected by the project are worse after project implementation than before. However, the deliberate choice to attribute a large share of the future irrigated area to agro-entrepreneurs puts undue pressure on already scarce land resources and constitutes a risk to increase environmental inequalities and create new vulnerabilities. This happens even though agro-entrepreneurship is not yet observed in the area and may well fall short of the expectations of the World Bank and the Government of Burkina Faso that saw in agrobusiness the trigger for far reaching regional economic development.

Keywords: irrigation, entreprenariat, modèle de développement, justice, vulnérabilité, Afrique de l'Ouest, irrigation, entrepreneurship, development models, justice, vulnerability, West-Africa

Storm Xynthia (2010) was responsible for the death by drowning of 41 people along the French Atlantic coast. Review of the event highlighted how housing buildings increase human vulnerability. Consecutively, French government decided to demolish the most dangerous houses. Nevertheless, it was applied only on the Xynthia's most impacted areas. However, other vulnerable territories to coastal floods are identified along French coast. The assumption of this work is to provide a preventive diagnosis of vulnerability of housing building for people on Noirmoutier Island. This territory has similar features than those impacted by Storm Xynthia and was severally struck by coastal floods event in the past. Using V.I.E. index methodology, results show that the four towns of the island are not equally exposed to coastal flood. 46 % of housing buildings of the island could potentially be flooded but there are differences between towns from 28 % to 76 %. But towns which have the most important part of dangerous buildings are the one where urbanization is close to dikes. All in all, Noirmoutier Island is less vulnerable than La Faute-sur-Mer (29 deaths during Xynthia) but it confirms that closeness to dikes increase vulnerability. This diagnosis is a way to promote adaptation measures in order to prevent consequences of future coastal floods on the island.

Keywords: risques littoraux, submersion marine, Xynthia, vulnérabilité, bâti résidentiel, indice de vulnérabilité, côte atlantique française, coastal risks, coastal flood, storm Xynthia, vulnerability, residential buildings, vulnerability index, french atlantic coast

Based on a partial, often quantitative, negative and curative assessment of sound issues in urban projects, this article focuses on the way in which the various potential stakeholders of soundscape, consider the links between sound and urban space. For this purpose, this paper presents some results of a research project (Manola et al., 2017) involving several disciplinary fields (physical / acoustic, town planning, urban studies, geography, architecture) and funded by Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie (Ademe). The methodological approach of this research combines: bibliographic and documentary analyzes, field surveys and experiments (through workshops with professionals of the urban production and inhabitants, inspired by focus groups, and through a crossing seminar) on a single investigation / experimentation site: the garden-city of Stains (France). On this basis, the article aims to shed light on (1) the place and approaches of sound itself, in the practices and habits of the different professional groups; (2) the tools mobilized by the different groups as well as their links to the "field" and to the "method"; (3) the (power) relationships between these groups and the possibilities/conditions for taking sound issues into account in the urban fabric. Finally, we show the great diversity of approaches, tools and professional methods to invest the soundscape, and, nevertheless numerous continuing cognitive, organizational, strategic, financial and ideological resistances to a reinforced and transversal integration of the sound dimension in the production of the city.

Keywords: sonore, groupes professionnels, diagnostic, outils, interdisciplinarité, sound, urban soundscape, analysis, professional groups, tools, interdisciplinarity

Pesticide risk is a growing concern that raises environmental, health and economic issues. The regulations and prevention measures that aim to reduce this risk are based on a top-down prevention logic by imposing good practices to be followed by farmers. The analysis of the activity of users of phytopharmaceutical products reveals situations of pesticide risk despite a strong regulatory, technical and social framework of the treatment activity. In this article, we show how pesticide exposure can be documented in the real conditions of use of plant protection products through the development of an extended research community using ergotoxicological tools. The reflections built by wine growers and ergonomists, around activity videos and pesticide measurements, highlight various levels of determinants of pesticide risk situations. Understanding and seeking to act collectively on these determinants supports the agency of the winegrowing professionals and contributes to the development of a constructed prevention.

Keywords: communauté élargie de recherche, prévention du risque, exposition, pesticides, ergotoxicologie, analyse de l'activité, viticulture, promotion de la santé, agentivité, extended research community, risk prevention, exposure, pesticides, ergotoxicology, activity analysis, viticulture, health promotion, agency

The issue of sustainability of water utilities is now well identified in the literature and is the subject of specific public policies. However, very few methodologies propose to assess the impact of future challenges on the sustainability of water utilities. However, due to the sociotechnical characteristics of drinking water utilities, these stakes (renewal of the heritage, securing the water supply, etc.) appear decisive. We are formalizing here a theoretical-empirical method called "ABAFAD" which enables the evaluation of future impacts according to two hypotheses: that of a fragmentation of the administrative organization of water services, and that of a mutualization. We then seek to answer the following question: does the change in scale of management improve the prospect of sustainability of water utilities ?

Keywords: changement d'échelle, durabilité, services d'eau, métropolisation, prospective, rescaling, sustainability, drinking water system, metropolization, futures studies

Walking around gardens during the summer period is a distraction appreciated by many people, because of the sensory pleasures experienced and the refreshed microclimate of these spaces. The botanical garden of Algiers knows this craze by many visitors in search of nature and contentment. However, what would be the influence of the various sensory parameters in the well-being of walkers during the hot days of summer ? The present article focuses on the study of alliesthesias of visitors to a botanical garden, as positive emotions having an important contribution in subjective well-being. This contribution has been studied using observation techniques, surveys, self-assessment tests. Special attention has been paid to thermal alliesthesia in the context of hot days. Therefore, climatic measurements were carried out and crossed with the results of self-assessment tests and commented routes. This research made it possible to propose a subjective well-being index based on the state of multi-sensory pleasures, and to present a map of thermal alliesthesias. The results showed different appreciations of sensory pleasures in the studied garden spaces, which influenced the evaluation of their indices of subjective well-being

Keywords: jardin botanique, bien-être subjectif, alliesthésies, état des plaisirs multi-sensoriels, plaisir thermique, microclimat, botanical garden, subjective well-being, alliesthesias, multi-sensory pleasures state, thermal pleasure, microclimate

The implementation of an adaptation strategy, particularly in the actual context of global warming, is associated with changes in behavior, mentalities and practices. Taking perceptions into account contributes to the social acceptability of the proposed strategies. This study focuses on an analysis of farmers' perceptions towards climate change in the Beqaa plain, a major agricultural region in Lebanon. The aim is to understand the way in which farmers perceive this phenomenon, locally observe its perceptible effects on the agrarian landscape, and plan possible mitigation measures. This analysis was carried out from a survey administered to 220 farmers chosen at a random, sampling method, in 48 localities spread over the entire plain. The results obtained show us a good perception of farmers towards the phenomenon of climate change. They are consistent with climatic trends as observed from the analysis of weather stations. One exception however, the annual rainfall remains difficult to perceive by farmers. To cope with these climatic changes, the majority of farmers are developing local adaptation strategies, water management and control being priorities.

Keywords: changement climatique, agriculteur, perception, stratégies locales d'adaptation, Liban, plaine de la Beqaa, climate change, farmer, perception, local adaptation strategies, Lebanon, Beqaa plain