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Research Framework: Alongside the "classic" fathers, genetically related to their child and the mother's spouse, there are adoptive fathers, single fathers, stepfathers, non-genetic fathers. Within this diversity appear gay fathers. But choosing gay parenthood is a relatively recent phenomenon that requires confronting a hostile legal and social environment and challenging gender norms. Objectives: The objective of this article is to explore representations of kinship and paternity, including whether or not the genetic link is important to gay fathers who have used gestational surrogacy. Methodology: The paper is based on interviews with 36 gay men in couple's who have used surrogacy to become the father of a child or twins of about 4 months of age. Results: Because they are likely aware of the importance of genetic bonds in dominant social representations of parenthood, the interviewed fathers are very careful that their own relatives make no distinction between them. Some fathers go so far as to refuse to tell others about which father is biologically related to the child. Nevertheless, these dominant representations are not absent, especially at the moment of conception. Indeed, a number of them implanted embryos of each to give themselves a chance to have twins genetically linked to each of the fathers. In the case of a second surrogacy, they often want the second child (second twin or future pregnancy) to be of the father who has not given his sperm the first time. Conclusions: The gathered observations show that the representations of paternity are diversified and combine representations based on genetic ties with representations based more on daily parenthood. Contribution: The article highlights the complexity of paternity representations. These are not just about biogenetic links, but also about elective links.

Keywords: pères gays, paternité génétique, gestation pour autrui, parentalité, gay fathers, genetic paternity, surrogacy, parenthood

Soils, as ecosystems provide services that are also called ecosystem services. In the context of natural resources preservation, urban soils are expected to be multifunctional and to provide high level of ecosystem services ( e.g. vegetation support, building support, flood control). Therefore, there is a need for urban planners to take into account the urban soil potentials in urban project development. This article proposes definitions of such crucial terms such as “urban soil”, “anthropized soil” and “sol cover”; it also presents the main bio-physical-chemical characteristics of urban soils. A bibliometric analysis has been conducted to describe the position of ecosystem services provided by urban soils within the frame of actual research. A list and a description of the ecosystem services provided by urban soils is proposed. Finally, this article offers prospects for the development of decision-making tools for planners to encourage them to take into account soil ecosystem at each stage of planning.

Keywords: services écosystémiques, sols urbains, aménagement du territoire, outil d'aide à la décision, ecosystem services, urban soils, landscape planning, decision-making tool

Although Human Resources Management (HRM) examines the issue of people at work and their management from the angle of how best to serve an organization's performance, occupational health issues are still a blind spot in its research. Following the lead of Chakor, Abord de Chatillon, and Bachelard (2015 2 ) in their review of occupational health and safety research, we attempted to find out how scientific managerial approaches are constructed and how researchers in HRM position themselves with regard to occupational health. A sizeable corpus of texts - which were selected from three sources that were identified as representative of the management sub-discipline that is HRM - were subjected to both thematic content and descriptive statistical analyzes. We demonstrated the gradual empowerment of HRM researchers by building a managerial corpus for workplace health and we identified the salient features that characterize occupational health research in HRM in terms of research objects, methodologies, interdisciplinarity, and stances. This article concludes with a proposed research agenda for HRM scholars working on occupational health.

Keywords: gestion des ressources humaines, management, santé, travail, interdisciplinarité, human resources management, management, health, work, interdisciplinarity, gestión de recursos humanos, gestión, salud, trabajo, interdisciplinariedad

SummaryPeace is one of the central themes of most of the great religions. In Christianity, including Catholicism, peace, in its various dimensions, has been an important object of meditation and preaching. From the primitive Church to Saint Augustine, from Saint Thomas Aquinas to the popes of the twentieth century, reflection on peace, as well as on legitimate defence and on war, developed, taking into account faithfulness to the texts of revelation and tradition, and adapting itself to the context of current historical and sociopolitical events. This paper studies one aspect of the teaching of the Catholic Church on the questions of peace, war and disarmament, that relating to the speeches and writings of popes Benedict XV (1914-1922), Pius XII (1939-1958), John XXIII (1958-1963), Paul VI ( 1963-1978) and John-Paul II ( 1978- ), as well as those of the Vatican II Council (Gaudium et Spes), that dealt with these issues. It throws light on the relatively progressive character of the official teaching of the Vatican on this subject; whereas in other areas, the papacy may seem to take rather conservative positions.

After the Conquest, the English drew their laws, their politics and their literature from their mother country with which they continued to identify. As for Canadians, they still formed a young nation which, without disavowing its ancestors from overseas, was in search of its own identity. In the midst of this mixed population, the contribution of members of the legal professions to the publishing of works in such fields as law, history, politics, science, education and literature is enormous. The object of the present essay is not to make a critique of the works of each individual author but to analyse the social, juridical and political background which inspired the interests of all the authors of the legal profession in Quebec as well as the quality and the quantity of their works before Confederation.

Of distant origin, the principle underlying the separation of Church and State is laid down in France under the Act of December 1901 and extended to Cameroon through the application of section 7 of the Convention of Mandate, followed by the Decree of March 28, 1933. These texts, plus the various constitutions of the Republic, its laws and regulations, establish the principle of free practice for all religions not in contravention of public order and good mores, namely that the State is neither religious nor ecclesiastic ; in all, the religious phenomenon remains outside the State. In fact, however, an analysis shows that the sociopolitical reality has profoundly watered down the principle of State secularism in Cameroon. The State is well aware of the role played by religions in the moral upbringing of citizens, and also in their general education. Through the initiatives taken by religions in the country, these do to a certain extent affect State neutrality with regard to religion. This explains the cooperation between the two powers : secular and religious, a collaboration all the more necessary as social peace does to some degree depend thereupon. This co-participation between them remains a precarious and fragile undertaking. Just the same, the religions — often acting on unavowed ambition — conduct themselves as true political forces ; and as such, they cannot be shut out of the tasks of building and running the State. In this context, there can no longer be spheres reserved for one power or the other.