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AbstractThe case raised by Muhammad's caricatures (feb. 2006) has shown that there could be limits to the mocking of religious matters. If the limits can vary from a religion to an other, in this paper it will be pointed how they evolved within the Catholic religion, that is considered more tolerant in these matters. Using a historical methodology and theological coordinates, five important landmarks or typical situations are presented within the history of the relationships between Christianity and mockery, focusing on the pictorial caricature of this religion's great figures?: the Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Reformation, the last decades of the 19th century, and the second half of the 20th century. It is shown that tolerance towards mockery varies depending on the “target”?: God, Christ, the Virgin Mary, or the saints, the priests and the religious practices. In any case, tolerance always has to be negotiated within the social pact that is central to every society, in order to prevent the problems that can result from clashes of sensitivity.

SummaryWhich iules determine whether a word or an expression belongs to a specific vocabulary? Which rules determine whether a norm or a solution belongs to a given legal system? In the first case, it is a judgment of linguistic acceptability, and in the second, a judgment of legal validity. We are proposing that if language - in this case its vocabulary - is standardized, even codified, to a greater extent than is generally believed, the law, on the contrary, is doubtless legalized to a lesser extent than it would have us believe. This is because, in both cases, the judgment as to what belongs operates on the basis of multiple criteria which do not necessarily converge: formal criteria of legality or grammaticality, but also sociological criteria of actuality or frequency and axiological criteria of legitimacy.

AbstractA collective activity based on voluntary, benevolent commitment, the production of free software does not result from the spontaneous adjustment of dispersed participation. It offers fertile terrain for the analysis of non-local relationships mediated by the internet. Indeed, this activity is subject to a double constraint: that of attracting numerous participants without any previous selection as well as that of channeling contributions to put together a consistent and coherent product. Based on the detailed ethnography of a group involved in the development of free software, this article analyses how individual differences are organized, that is, mobilised and controlled. It identifies processes of socialisation that deploy a maximum tolerance towards individual subjective commitment and a differential recognition of contribution to the common work and of the authors. This is a specific kind of socialisation in that it regulates less the personal identity of participants than the collective identity of hte project, including both the product and the production group.

AbstractIn analyzing the fluctuations in relationships between the political system and protest movements, the literature on social movements has focused mainly on the concept of political opportunity structures. Given the weakness of this approach, this article proposes an alternate view centered on the concept of social movement space as inspired by Bourdieu's notion of field. The aim is to show the heuristic effect of advances and setbacks of the movement in France opposing the double penalty, a legal and administrative practice involving the expulsion of foreign delinquents during the period from 1968 to 2003. In the movement against the double penalty, the contrasting results over time are explained by an evolving interdependency of the relationships between the sub-space of the defense of immigrants' rights and the political field, each strongly affected by their own internal dynamics and recompositions.

AbstractThis article analyzes the future of the professional training courses set up after the various reforms of the Algerian educational system during the past forty years. Aware of the ‘gap' between training and market, these reforms attempt to limit training to a uniquely economic end. However their objectives are faced with an ensemble of social-political factors that converge to limit or even block their impact. While the plan implemented tries to oblige education to submit to entrepreneurial logic, social bodies adopt contradictory pedagogical practices and social-professional aspirations. The plan implemented placing professional training in an ambiguous situation, that is, between two opposing reference systems, social bodies develop procedures to make training conform to socially dominating competences. This finally results in ‘sliding' towards academic education that reveals, in the context studied, the difficulty encountered in submitting education to a strictly economic logic.

AbstractIn this text, which relies heavily on notions developed in Georges Bataille's The Accursed Share, the author proposes to develop a general theory of exchange, based upon a comparative study of four main systems of social life, classified as: ‘lineal society,' ‘territorial society,' ‘individual society,' and ‘object society.' He shows that these four types of society make original responses to the problems posed by the appropriation of objects, the relation to origin and blood, ties to dead ancestors and to the past; to communal land, the tribe and the nation; to the power of chiefs and kings, spirits and gods. He outlines the historical conditions for the emergence of the ideological formations in which the logics of social existence and identity for each type of society are rooted, and suggests how, through the exchange of gifts, the living and the dead, members of the group and outsiders, ancestors and gods, are linked in vast networks. He situates his approach within a kind of psycho-socio-ethnological reflection that he considers to be close to the clinical sociology practiced throughout his career by Professor Robert Sévigny.

AbstractThis article considers the phenomenon of the transnationalization of collective action from a theoretical perspective. Our understanding of transnationalization and its practices is limited by the prevailing political process approach and its concept of politics, power and social change (Part I). The conceptual constraints, while not new, nonetheless take on a special colour when the actions transcend national boundaries and spark collective actions through a “geography” of transnational solidarities (Part II). Finally, we describe the exemplary case of solidarities represented by the World March of Women which contrasts the respective contributions of the political process approach with the approach proposed here (Part III).

The article aims to shed light on new insights about the emergence stage of a specific cluster, composed of cultural associations. Exploring a single arts and associative cluster, our findings contribute to reduce the lack of research on this specific field by means of an original theoretical approach based on neo-institutional theory. We focus on different types of institutional work (Cloutier et al., 2016), as well as different roles endorsed by the territory (Lawrence and Dover, 2015), which were required to set up the specific cluster. The findings lead to the identification of territorial work as a specific form of institutional work.

Keywords: Réseau territorialisé d'organisations (RTO), phase d'émergence du RTO, organisations de l'économie sociale et solidaire (OESS), travail institutionnel, rôles du territoire, Cultural and associative cluster, stage of emergence, institutional work, roles of territory, Red territorializada de organizaciones, fase de emergencia, organizaciones de la economía social y solidaria, trabajo institucional, papeles del territorio

This article presents the results of a French didactic research project on the teaching of literary reading in high school (« lycée ») in France and college (« cégep ») in Quebec. We analyze the interpretations produced by empirical readers in the school context, as part of the study of La plage des songes (1998), a fantastic short story by Stanley Péan. The analysis of student's discourse, oral and written, is conducted according to a hermeneutical approach that values readers' reflexive ability to distance themselves from their interpretive journey. We specifically analyse the axiological resources mobilized by readers depending on various meanings attributed to the different narrative voices (the narrator, the characters, the implied author). Four issues are addressed: how do readers attribute statements to various enunciative voices? Does this attribution process reveal the involvement of axiological resources (judgments, values, ideological presuppositions, etc.) by readers? Does the assignment of statements to various narrative voices help readers distance themselves from the axiological resources they mobilize? To what extent are students able to reflect on the values, opinions, ideological assumptions that influence their interpretations and those of their peers?

Keywords: Lecture littéraire, sujet lecteur, didactique, herméneutique, valeurs, Literary reading, reader's subjectivity, didactics, hermeneutics, values