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Studying the trajectory of the problem of access to water for all in France between 1984 and 2016, this paper aims to show how the issue of access to water for low-income households has slowly become dominant for the French political agenda since the 1980s. This problem, firstly considered minor and whose treatment was judged complex, jointly evolved with the problems of access to energy and housing in a context of precarisation and institutionalization of public policies against poverty. The problem later gained autonomy, driven by the international and national recognition of the right to water and demands for its effective implementation. Throughout this trajectory, two kinds of approaches have been developed to deal with consumers' difficulties to pay their bills, leading from welfare of water to social water, meaning an evolution from a treatment of the problem by social welfare to an internalisation in water utilities.

Keywords: Problème public, accès à l'eau, solidarité, action sociale, droit à l'eau, pauvreté en eau, services essentiels, expérimentation, Public problem, access to water, solidarity, social welfare, right to water, water poverty, essential services, public experiment, Problema público, acceso al agua, solidaridad, acción social, derecho al agua, carencia de agua, servicios esenciales, experimentación

The union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1840 launched a long debate about which city would become the capital of the new United Province of Canada. In 1841 Governor Sydenham chose Kingston, a small city in Upper Canada located east of Lake Ontario. It soon proved an unfortunate choice, one that displeased the entire political class, but the members and legislative counsellors were unable to agree on a city to become the new seat of government. After Sydenham, Governors Charles Bagot (1841-1842) and Charles Metcalfe (1842-1845) put an end to the impasse by choosing Montréal, which became the new capital in 1843, but not without protest.

The inclusion of territorial anchoring (TA) in the components of a CSR policy sometimes leads to the development of a proselytic speech towards business leaders and entrepreneurs. It is important for business leaders to adopt a critical attitude in order to consider the SME's interest of participating in collective actions. How to analyze the nature of the strategic resources generated by TA from an SME's point of view? Firstly, this paper theoretically analyzes the sustainable competitive advantage that resources generated by TA are able to create. An analysis grid based on the Barney's VRIO model is proposed. It highlights the characteristics of SME/territory interactions based on the possibility of relying on the strategic dimension of these resources. Secondly, the authors carry out four SME case studies to validate the operational capacity of this analysis grid and to adapt this tool.

Keywords: Ancrage territorial, Avantage concurrentiel, Légitimité, Stratégie, Territoire, Territorial anchoring, Competitive advantage, Legitimacy, Strategy, Territory, Anclaje territorial, Ventaja competitiva, Legitimidad, Estrategia, Territorio

In the context of globalization, the duality of the economies built, on the one hand, on the classic verticality of internationally-regulated exchanges and, on the other hand, the horizontality between “poors,” and outside state control, appeared globally with regards to clothing and electronics. Millions of dollars in “entry-level” merchandise produced in South-East Asia are sold tax free via Dubai, in Europe among the poorest populations by middle-eastern transmigrants. Based on recent research (Tarrius, Misaoui and Qacha, 2013), this article describes the ways in which transmigrant groups offer larger, global companies a wide market of poor and transient groups, by passing through in Europe products tax free and outside of the quota system. This description allows the author to discuss the key notions at play in these diverse phenomenons: economic initiatives, invisibilization, mobility, migratory conscience.

A large segment of those individuals and groups involved in social activism is composed of rooted cosmopolitans. Following technological changes, economic integration and cultural networks this phenomenon is most apparent in transnational activism, which is the mobilisation of young activists for actions outside their own country. Starting from a relational rather than discursive definition of cosmopolitanism, several versions of the rooted cosmopolitan, corresponding to particular types of transnational activism, are described.

In this article, we trace the transformation of a publisher's discourse by examining that of André Schiffrin during the 2000s. Schiffrin's writings, specifically his autobiographical memoirs, acquire political significance, even to the point of becoming manifestos of independent publishing. Furthermore, the reception discourse around Schiffrin's books illuminates a second discourse, that of his own publisher, Éric Hazan, the founder of La Fabrique. Working with a cross-analysis of Schiffrin's objective positions in the publishing field and their respective discourses, we propose a definition of the notion of editorial independence. By emphasizing the importance of publishers' discourse in the politicization of their profession at the turn of the millennium, we attempt to produce a portrait of a changing editorial ecosystem. Ultimately, we highlight the role of such discourses in setting up a war of positions intended to fracture a cultural hegemony.

During the 19th century, the elites of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu underwent profound change. The Anglo-Protestant merchants who occupied the positions of power at the beginning of the century had been replaced by French Catholic jurists and merchants by 1900. This change reflected not only the renewal of elites, but also shifts in social and cultural capital. While the French Canadians who settled in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu around 1800 sought to integrate into the local Anglo-Protestant bourgeoisie, through marriage or simply by speaking English in their daily lives, by mid-century power relations had begun to reverse. Families that had become progressively Anglicised began to attend French Canadian institutions and a growing number of Anglophones integrated into French Canadian networks. The case of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu thus brings nuance to the idea that a Francophone elite replaced a pre-existing Anglophone elite as a result of a French Canadian “reconquest” and shows instead that elites adapted to economic change by altering their networks and cultural practices.

This research aims to question the evaluative approaches in their ability to promote democratic management of territorial projects. Two main conditions of such management can be identified. It pursues democratizing purposes and ensures at the same time, democratic processes of decision-making and governance (1). Faced with the need to develop methods to support the implementation of territorial projects, the strategic evaluation appears as a relevant approach. Its four key characteristics: a temporality “along the way”, a pluralist and participatory governance, an action research posture and an original mixed methodological protocol, promote indeed the democratic roots of such projects (2).

Keywords: Évaluation stratégique, gestion démocratique, pluralisme, participation, recherche-action, Strategic Evaluation, Democratic Management, Pluralism, Participation, Action-Research, Evaluación estratégica, Gestión democrática, Pluralismo, Participación, Búsqueda-acción