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Since the discovery of the first rolls in 1947, the Dead Sea Scrolls have been the subject of many disputes not only theological and archaeological, but also cultural, political and legal. Currently owned by Israel for the most part, these Manuscripts are now at the heart of competing claims insofar as both Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority claim ownership. In this perspective, the present article aims not only at exploring the legal issues raised by the question of the ownership of the Dead Sea Scrolls, more specifically with regard to the norms of international law, but also at exploring the way in which issues relating to cultural and religious heritage retain a highly political dimension due to the involvement of States in their protection, and to the concept of territory they imply.

The article examines a possible renewal of the temporality of urbanprojects as a result of the adoption of principles of sustainabledevelopment. The reference to sustainable development has becomeessential in the production and management of urban spaces. Ifsustainable development is a temporal concept by definition, how doesit transform the way of thinking time in urban projects? Attention ispaid to the temporality of the urban project,the mode oftemporalization of action, to the making of common time of the urbanproject, and to the way actors deal with and are concerned about thequestion of the project times and their articulations with concerns forsustainable development. The study of three specific urban projectsshows that the urban project includes multiple temporalities. Thetangle of temporality related to the project activity, in the contextof sustainable development can not emerge as guiding principle despitethe stated objectives, does not undermine the time of it. It remains anannex time in a complex process.

Keywords: temporalités, développement durable, projet, acteurs, adaptabilité, ville, urbanisme, action, urbain, temporalities, sustainable development, urban, project, actors, actions, urbanism, city, adaptability

Whereas Gillian Beer's Darwin's Plots traces the sometimes-indirect impact of Charles Darwin on a number of major Victorian novels, this article proposes to examine the fictions of two writers very directly concerned with evolution, but preferring what they took to be Erasmus Darwin's version of it. The first of these is Samuel Butler, who progressed from sympathetically spoofing Charles' evolutionism to bitterly attacking his theory of natural selection, holding up what he believed to be the goal-directed evolutionary model of Erasmus and others instead. Along with a glance at Butler's polemical evolutionary works, his two major novels Erewhon and The Way of All Flesh are explored both for their critiques of Charles and the ways they may have drawn on Erasmus, particularly his Botanic Garden and Zoonomia.The other writer with links to Erasmus is George Bernard Shaw, the Preface to whose ambitious five-play cycle Back to Methuselah denounces Charles and explicitly praises both Butler and Erasmus's Zoonomia, while its plot bears interesting similarities to Erasmus's final evolutionary poem, The Temple of Nature. Since it is not certain Shaw had read this poem the following comparison runs the unproved possibility of direct influence in parallel with Viktor Shklovsky's idea of the transmission of literary forms in a series of “knight's moves,” “discontinuous but teleological” as Fredric Jameson calls them. While the parallels between the two works are striking, including the political contexts to which they are responding, the article finally distances Erasmus's full-blooded but non-exclusory evolutionism from the hints of “survival of the fittest” Social-Darwinism to be found in Shaw's (and to a lesser extent Butler's) works.

In the second question on the Reference on the unilateral secession of Québec, the Supreme Court of Canada is asked to determine if Québec possesses in international law a right to secede unilaterally. The author believes that this is a pure question of international law to which the Court is not competent to answer. Basing his argument on the legal texts at the origin of the Court, on the distinction between domestic and international tribunals and on the jurisprudence of the Court, he concludes that the Court can have recourse to international law only to interpret domestic law or complete its gaps. He then proceeds to demonstrate that the second question of the Reference is only concerned with international law and that consequently the Court is not competent to answer it.

This article explores the role of the Courrier Musical in the cultural mobilization of the French musical world during the Great War. It shows how, from 1916 to 1918, the journal played a crucial role in spreading a nationalist and anti-German propaganda. A comparison between this propaganda and articles published before and after the war then leads to qualify the idea that the war years were a singular and exceptional period in the history of discourses published in the Courrier musical. In fact, the war only brought to the foreground ideas and claims that had been regularly featured in the journal since the 1900s. Besides, Le Courrier musical also perpetuated these ideas and claims well after the official end of the Great War. Following recent historical studies on periods preceding and following the war, this article make a case for an understanding of the history of music during conflicts that does not restrict itself to the official dates of declarations of war and peace treatises.

Keywords: critique musicale, guerre, musique, presse, propagande, music, music criticism, press, propaganda, war

This first chapter of the Keyword section of the collection “Anthologie du phem” (phem's source readings) addresses the relationship between music and internationalism (or cosmopolitanism), that is one of the most crucial issues arising from the Parisian musical debate of the interwar period. The three selected articles defend three different positions: a francocentric universalism, the condemnation of internationalism considered as illusory, and the utopia of cosmopolitanism. In the interwar period, the ideal of a pacific international cooperation coexisted with the most extreme nationalisms, and the discourse presented in this articles provides a deeper insight into the political and aesthetical issues behind the musical debate.

Keywords: cosmopolitisme, esthétique musicale, internationalisme, nationalisme, presse musicale, aesthetics of music, cosmopolitanism, internationalism, musical press, nationalism

The weakness of the constraint related to environmental protection norms and climate change is partially explained by the institutional dysfunction within the United Nations (UN). The issue of sustainable development is confined within a single program, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) which is facing the World Trade Organization (WTO) whose hegemony within the UN system is continuously streghtening to the point where economic, industrial and commercial concerns have diluted the sustainable development constraint into a mere environmental consideration. Drawing on current environemental issues, that is natural disasters, global climate change and the degradation of global biodiversity and biosafety, this article joins current environmental diplomacy in favour of the creation, under the UN's stewardship, of a World Environment Organization. Led by France and its president, M. Sarkozy, with the support of the European Union and the collaboration of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, M. Ban Ki-Moon, such diplomatic initiatives could lead to intergovernmental negotiations favourable to the establishment of a World Environment Organization who would share the same rank and institutional standing as the WTO and who could lay down environmental norms and apply the related constraints in favour of sustainable development. The intergovernmental negotiations of Copenhagen in December 2009 for climate change and those of Nagoya in October 2010 for biodiversity may serve as a plateform for the launch of such negotiations.