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The bushmeat chain is a source of income-generating activities for its actors, but it is dangerous for the survival of wildlife because of the non-respect of the hunting calendar. The impact of this activity on biodiversity is one of the main factors contributing to the implementation of legal texts for a sustainable management of this wildlife. Our objective is to analyze the interactions between the various actors and the effectiveness of the legal texts in force to determine the status of sustainable wildlife management in Gabon. Thus, we use Ostrom's socio-ecological approach as a basis by considering the governance system and the actors whose interactions have impacts on the wildlife resource. We therefore conducted a literature search and a qualitative survey using a semi-structured questionnaire with 73 people. After categorizing our stakeholders (wildlife management agents - wildlife harvesters – consumers), two types of relationships emerged. A collaborative relationship between actors of the same group and a dependent-power relationship between two different groups. However, the legal texts that allow for the effectiveness of the latter relationship only legislate on hunting and not on the bushmeat trade. In addition, certain legal texts should be updated and rigorously applied to truly meet the objectives of sustainable wildlife management and to secure the professions of these actors.

Keywords: acteurs, approche socio-écologique, analyse systémique, Gabon, règlementation, viande de brousse, actors, socio-ecological approach, systemic analysis, Gabon, regulations, bushmeat

To ensure that the ecological transition becomes a reality and does not remain at the stage of incantatory discourse, a framework for action must be devised for an effective transformation of society. Sobriety, or sufficiency in English, are some of the conceptual tools that can contribute to this. Defined as an expression of temperance, in opposition to intemperance, or of measure against excess, sufficiency is a virtue of limitation which refers to the foundations of law understood as the set of rules for regulating the behaviors in society. Today, the lexical field of sufficiency is growing in French law and it is important to pay attention to the rise of legislative provisions to curb the immoderation and excesses that are at the root of the ecological crisis. By gathering various texts relating to the objective of prudent and rational use of natural resources and by relying on the injunction for the legislator to change the current trajectory, it would be possible to identify an objective of sufficiency. That is to say, the use of natural resources through the action of parsimonious, temporal and spatial moderation while respecting the principle of ecological solidarity.

Keywords: transition écologique, sobriété, suffisance, ressources naturelles, droit français, droit somptuaire, solidarité écologique, ecological transition, sufficiency, enoughness, natural resources, French law, sumptuous law, ecological solidarity

This article aims at exploring adjustment mechanisms and political reconfigurations within the context of a rural and industrial area of Eastern France during the early days of the “Gilets Jaunes” movement. Particular attention is paid to the social perceptions and trajectories of a left-wing working-class retired couple who live in an area they qualify as far-right territory. In order to understand to what extent these left-wing working-class individuals come to mingle with other social classes whom they feel politically and socially distant from, this article combines a socio-spatial analysis of the area and an ethnographic survey. This article thus aims to show the couple's perceptions of the political field and of the social groups met in the context of a local mobilization of national scale. This couple has been trying to pass on their activist culture, showing while doing so how activist capital can play a part in the long term and spread throughout the local scene. Putting forward local roots along with a shared rejection of national political elites enables them to overcome their differences in order to reconfigure some sort of popular “us.”

Keywords: Gilets jaunes, mondes ruraux, politique, inégalités socio-spatiales, Gilets jaunes, rural worlds, politics, socio-spatial inequalities

Historically described as precarious employment, which is a choice made by the absence of other formal employment alternative, recent research, particularly in Latin America, has revealed that informal employment is in some circumstances a choice of opportunity based on financial and/or non-financial incentives. As these findings are less documented in Africa, where informal employment predominates in the economy, this article seeks to fill this gap by exploring, in the case of Burkina Faso, the factors that determine individuals' participation in informal entrepreneurship, by examining the nature of the choice of this employment status, whether it is forced or voluntary. Comparative analysis of earnings, and analysis of people's motives for moving into informal employment, shows that the decision to become an informal entrepreneur is determined by a variety of factors, which may be related to necessity or opportunity.

Keywords: Entrepreneuriat informel, Nécessité-opportunité, Gains, Logit multinomial structurel, Burkina Faso, Informal entrepreneurship, Necessity-opportunity, Earnings, Structural multinomial logit, Burkina Faso

While positivism has been widely criticized for political conservatism, technicism and lack of critical spirit, it is rare that scholars have pointed to its potential to legitimate (international) violence. In this contribution, I argue that especially political leaders with a positivist socialization tend to be favorable to preventive war thinking because they depolitise international security as governed by objective laws. Thus, while « national security » and « international security » is often presented as something beyond political interests, I will examine what kind of professional socialization and worldview is in particular sensible to depolitised and technocratic presentations of international security. The question of preventive war is particularly suited to our interrogation about depoliticization. Preventive war promoters generally argue that states do not act according to political considerations but are moved by objective forces such as power trends.

Keywords: positivisme, dépolitisation, violences internationales, guerres préventives, positivism, depolitisation, international violence, preventive wars