Documents found
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2291.More information
In this paper, the dynamics of early coffee production in the Americas are identified through cross-referencing of historical, genealogical, agronomic, and climatological data. We revisit the history of the diffusion of the coffee-tree, growing in the greenhouses of Amsterdam, towards the Dutch colonies by means, amongst others, of the barely exploited works such as by the English botanist Richard Bradley. In 1714, the latter spent time in the Hortus medicus of Amsterdam permitting us to propose corrections in the early historiography of the diffusion of coffee-trees. We start with the analysis of the Bradley's work and continue with a synthesis on the diffusion of coffee-trees in European greenhouses and their introduction into the Dutch colonies of the Guianas (Suriname, Essequibo, Berbice) and Curaçao. The date of 1714 can be retained as introduction date of the coffee-tree in Suriname from the greenhouses of Amsterdam but the introduction of coffee actually shows two seperate sequences (1696-1700 and 1706-1723). The gap (1701-1705) between these sequences can be related to climatic changes and possibly linked to temporary global warming. Finally, we also stress the importance of coffee-tree trade between colonies and the start of new plantations by comparing family ties, the roll of taxes (capitation) and local legislation revealing new insights on the situation in Suriname during the first decade of the XVIIIe century, prelude to the economic success of investors in this new cash crop.
Keywords: Coffea arabica, café, caféïculture, construction et échanges de savoirs, Richard Bradley, serres d'Amsterdam, Hortus medicus, Suriname, Essequibo, Guyanes, cultures coloniales, transferts de plantes, modélisation, paléo-climat, XVIII
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2293.More information
In this almost 1,200-page book, economist Thomas Piketty explores the ideological and political foundations of economic and social structures through a historical and comparative lens. It is about unravelling the relationships between politics and the economy in time and space, in order to understand how “unequal regimes” are established, transformed or perpetuated. After demonstrating the exacerbation of socio-economic inequalities over the past thirty years, he suggests solutions for a socially fairer model of development.
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2295.
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2296.More information
At the beginning of the second wave of COVID-19, on November 7, 2020, the conference “Questions d'éthique” was held at the Lieu Unique in Nantes (France). Prof. Axel Kahn's presentation focused on the ethical perspective of the relations between information and media, researchers and clinical trials, individual liberty and health democracy, but also the urgency of care, patient triage and confinement. Starting from the indispensable character of “ethics in times of crisis”, the title of his talk, he analyzed his practice through the prism of liberty and responsibility.
Keywords: éthique, crise, pandémie, liberté, responsabilité, démocratie, soins, médias, ethics, crisis, pandemic, liberty, responsibility, democracy, care, media
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2297.More information
This article examines the diaphanous career of a few boys described as “musicians” and singers in the sources relating to Nouvelle-France. The bits of information that have been collected on these young men with no history make it possible to identify some of the motivations that led them to the colonies between 1660 and 1730, at a time when everything had yet to be built, if not consolidated, on the institutional level. Beyond this aspect, which is still little known in colonial cultural micro-history, the catalytic role of the army and the Church as a path to salvation for these former masters in search of a future after leaving the cathedral or collegiate churches of France is revealed. Whether they aspired to become ecclesiastics or sought to integrate the workings of the colonial administration as writers after being emancipated from the army, the few individuals we will meet in Quebec City and Montreal allow us to discreetly lift the veil on the fortunes of some of these children who spent their youth singing in the lower choirs, and thus to better understand their contribution to the cultural life of the French colony in Canada.
Keywords: musiciens d'église, maîtrises, bas-choeurs, colonies, church musicians, choirs, colonies