Documents found
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2363.
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2364.
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2366.More information
A study of the cultural situation of the intellectuals in contemporary Czechoslovakia.
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2367.
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2368.More information
The settlement of disputes constitutes the vault key to the multilateral commercial system and one of the unprecedented contributions of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to the stability of the world economy. If, to use the same terms as the Geneva institution, the Understanding on rules and procedures governing the settlement of disputes (URPSD) “consecrates the reign of law”, some of its provisions may seem to lack equity in regards to private actors of the international economy as well as to developing countries. It is the same case concerning the articles devoted to crossed retaliatory measures. However, we will note that a certain balance, detached in a praetorian way by the referees and lobbyists of the WTO, emerges from necessity, for the parties that take advantage of this mechanism, to demonstrate the existence of very severe economic conditions that first level commercial powers, such as the European Union and the United States will have (fortunately, we can add) difficulty to produce. An exam that allows, indeed, to advance that paragraphs b) and c) of article 22 (3) of the URPSD are currently a weapon that is not quite to every one's disposal. The study of European Communities' judicial reaction (for judicial reasons, the European Union is officially named “European Communities” in the WTO) concerning the recent “war of steel” will illustrate the very voluntary attitude of Europe in the use of WTO commercial defense mechanisms and will expose some variables to the process of crossed retaliation as it is.
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2369.More information
By its decision dated December 1925, the League of Nations had decided to annex definitively the area occupied by the Kurds to the then newly created state of ‘Iraq', a creation of the United Kingdom, but under some administrative particularities. However, the implementation of resolution 688 (1991) of the UN Security Council and the military and administrative withdrawal of the Iraqi State from the Kurd area caused the creation of a de facto independent Iraqi Kurdistan. Towards a legitimate administration of the area, the Kurds were forced to provide a legal basis for their status. In doing so, the Kurds self-proclaimed themselves a federated region in 1992. This entity sui generis received no recognition from the Central Government located in Baghdad, although the area pursued its self-governance, until its American/English occupation in the spring of 2003. Two years after the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime, the Constitution of the 15th of October 2005 recognised the self-proclaimed Kurdish federated area. This new Iraqi federalism raises a certain number of uncertainties and difficulties concerning, in particular, the present and future status of Iraqi Kurdistan.