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According to the failure of tropical forest landscapes various planning and the increasing fragmentation, it is urgent to find strategies for sustainable management of natural resources and biodiversity. This study analyzes local perceptions of the ecological quality of Upper Oueme forest reserve habitats landscape in northern Benin and main factors of its fragmentation. Data collected from 247 respondents by interviews and focus group were used to design answers' frequency diagram follow by a Khi2 test on gender and corresponding factor analysis between socio-professional categories. Results show that according to populations, the level of degradation of Upper Oueme habitats forest reserve landscape is high to mean and the main factors of fragmentation are wood exploitation, bush fires and grazing. These results underline the necessity and the relevance of the study of local perceptions of the habitat quality of the forest landscapes to better guide management measures which should now be taken in a landscape approach.

Keywords: perception paysanne, fragmentation, paysage forestier, aménagement durable, approche paysagère, Ouémé Supérieur, Bénin, local perception, fragmentation, forest landscape, landscape approach, sustainable planning, Upper Oueme, Benin

This article analyzes highly creative capabilities as a set of resources and capabilities. They make it possible to access a variety of distant knowledge, to articulate them and preserve their redundancy in order to generate novel and original ideas. We develop an exploratory case study of the open innovation laboratories installed by three large French companies. The article investigates the nature of these capabilities and the organizational design installed in an open innovation framework. Results focus on the distributed character of these resources in an inter-organizational space, and the new trade-off between control and freedom required for their exploitation.

Keywords: Créativité organisationnelle, connaissances distantes, fluidité organisationnelle, pilotage managérial, laboratoires d'innovation ouverte, Organizational creativity, distant knowledge, organizational fluidity, informal and formal control, open innovation laboratories, Creatividad organizacional, Conocimiento distante, Fluidez organizacional, Gestión, Laboratorios de innovación abierta

Today, La Vérendrye's name is to be found on Canadian and American monuments, memorials, streets, parks, schools, and decorates prestigious scholarships. However, as this article reveals, the critical literature which focuses on his travels and turbulent interactions with Indigenous peoples is incomplete; it is marked by a lack of analysis of the intersection of gender with race, and by a tradition of denial and mythology surrounding the French-Canadian slave trade. Analysis of La Vérendrye's involvement in the slave trade, and the ways in which gender and Indigenous relations characterized his life in the period from 1731 to 1749, the focus of the present study, sheds light on the functioning of early to mid-eighteenth-century French colonial society in Canada. As this article emphasizes, non-Catholic, non-white elements formed an indispensable and influential part of French Canadian colonial society and culture. As evidenced by La Vérendrye's experiences, all sorts of complexity, diversity, and contradiction existed in the real-world relations of men and women, and New France was far from an egalitarian society. Slavery was institutionalized there just as it was to the south.

AbstractWhat are proper names? Are proper names translatable? A clear answer to those two questions should be prior to any attempt of machine translation of the proper names. Some authors claim that the proper name is untranslatable, while the practice shows the opposite.Different criteria such as the textual genre, the historic context, the source language or the ontological nature of the bearer play a significant role in the decision to modify or to preserve the proper name in its original shape.

Keywords: contexte, culture, nom propre, traduction automatique, typologie

The article examines the modes of coordination adopted within modern communities as presented by Adler (2001) and Amin and Cohendet (2004) as major modes of organization of activities in the context of the knowledge-based economy. This research aims to show the originality of the combination of resilient trust and reflexive trust, price and hierarchy within this type of communities based on the case of open labs. Based on a study of twelve innovation spaces in the Paris region, this article shows how individuals mobilize these modes of coordination and emphasizes the originality of their combination compared to firms and market.

Keywords: Communautés, coordination, open labs, hiérarchie, prix, confiance réflexive et résiliente, Community, coordination, open labs, hierarchy, price, reflexive and resilient trust, Comunidades, coordinación, open labs, jerarquía, precio, confianza reflexiva y resiliente