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Even before he had ever set foot in Europe, Lionel Groulx had extensively traveled through France. This virtual and paradoxical travel, offered by history, literature, and French Canadian religion, culture and nationalism, had provided him with plenty of knowledge and expectations, images and feelings. Actually, going to his forefathers' motherland gave him a chance to check and confirm his beliefs and ideology rather than challenge and transform them. His five stays in France marked no departure in his life and attitude. True admiration and love for France coupled with a critical mind made him neither francophile nor gallophobe, in the nationalist-traditionalist French Canadian sense of the word.

Although often criticized for its content, the free encyclopedia Wikipedia keeps on growing and being used by millions of people all over the world. In total, every month over 500 million visitors consult some of its 30 million articles in 290 languages. The articles are often illustrated by documents from archives. For example, a collection of military photos released by the National Archives and Records Administration of the United States has been seen millions of times. However, the world of wiki is also a community which is not always inclined to take advantage of the wealth of relevant documents that may be found in the archival repositories of the world. The use of the free encyclopedia and of the other projects of the Wikimedia Foundation calls for knowledge of and a strategy for the communication of archival documents. Without a great deal of prior reflection, there is a great risk of seeing one's work misunderstood or even suppressed by the wikipedian community. This article aims to present the basic principles for an archival centre to think about an adequate use of the wiki universe.

This paper underlines the part that eco-innovations can play with regards to competitiveness, in particular in the economic space of Europe. The first part identifies main international tendencies in emergence with the characters of eco-innovations, which is linked to levers increasing their performance. The second part offers a prospective vision of what will be the most probable eco-innovations in the middle and long term, in order to understand the developmental position of the various countries, as well as their principal markets. We finish by identifying the obstacles to avoid and the precautions to take in order to make sure that eco-innovation is not guided solely by economic considerations, and that it obeys the principles of equity and societal acceptability at the base of sustainabl

The palm oil sector has proven competitive and profitable. Environmentally friendly farming techniques exist and there is room for improving the production of smallholder plantations. A sustainable development of the palm oil sector is possible but the business models have to be reconsidered through the setting up of micro or mini palm oil mills in degraded or deforested areas, and fostering the development of smallholder plantations in contract with agro-industries. Therefore, an adapted framework has to be put in place as a prerequisite for a sustainable development trajectory of the palm oil sector - e.g. enhancing production methods that are economically viable (higher yields per hectare, disease and pest control, etc.), socially equitable (respect for workers' rights, consent of local communities, etc.) and protecting the environment (biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation and adaptation, etc.). Such improvement should operate at two levels : by developing synergies between smallholders and agro-industries and by facilitating the access to land to local and vulnerable communities at the local level ; by capacity building and by strengthened political and economic governance at national level, in order to enforce the existing laws and encourage sustainability among the different stakeholders involved in the sector.

Keywords: palmier à huile, palmeraies, agro-industrie, foncier, Cameroun, gouvernance, développement durable, impacts ESG, RSE, palm oil, palm grove, palm industry, Cameroon, governance, sustainable development, ESG impacts, CSR

Debate on the reconfiguration of social and territorial relations in urban agriculture is a classic field of analysis around the issues raised on a global scale at the beginning of the 21st century, such as the damage of the environment and animal and plant biodiversity, the climate change, the lack of resources, and the economic insecurity. However, this question has never been raised with such acuteness as since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic. Thanks to the confinement and an unprecedent ethnography gathered in the west of the Sarthe region gathered, I mobilize in this article the notion of disorder borrowed from Gregory Bateson. Such notion directly resonates with a photograph of the egg stall taken in a supermarket (Super U) on March 27, 2020. With this frozen picture, my intention is to reverse the focus by starting not from the actors but from the objects, and to thwart some of illusions such as the vegetation resulting from the work of the earth would be the only prism to think and “order” our conception of urban agriculture. Far from the city taken as a normative invariant because of its population, its urbanization and the type of activity, the egg and the cull hen reveal in a subtle way, through vernacular categories, other temporalities, other way of life and affective investments to the objects and spaces which re-articulate our ecological, economical, social and political understandings and categories until then unknown.

Keywords: Écologie des catégories, confinement, ordre/désordre, SARS-CoV-2, dysbiose, Ecology of Categories, Egg/Cull Hen, Confinement, Order/Disorder, SARS-CoV-2, Dysbiosis

It has become obvious in the past several years that the judicial statistics have certain limitations as far as reconstructing the evolution of crime under the Ancien Régime is concerned. The administrative inadequacies of the institutional justice of that era, its insufficient means of intervention, invite caution, but the existence of infra-judicial mechanisms for dealing with crime lead to the conclusion that only a fraction of the crimes ever came before the courts. Our research on trials for assault and battery heard in the jurisdiction of Montreal between 1700 and 1760 revealed several cases establishing the existence in New France, and confirming the observations of Alfred Somanfor France, of practices according to which the institution of proceedings by certain victims was often in order to start a process of negotiation with the aggressor or force him to come to an agreement out of court, which usually put an end to the procedures. Since there is rarely any explicit mention of agreements reached, even in the notarial archives, we arrived at the possibility that the dropping of legal proceedings indicated an infra-judicial settlement of the case. This led us to analyse the decrease in the number of trials for assault and battery in Montreal after 1730. It was not because of the usual explanation, that it was a sign of a “decrease in crime”, but rather due to a strengthening of the infra-judicial system, particularly in the rural areas, where there was less recourse to the authority of the royal court to settle minor infractions.