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The systemic perspective doesn't lead to oppose a structural or systemic conception to a more strategic approach. But on the contrary to relate them closely showing the interactions, the constraints and the interdependences which condition the different political choices, confine and progressively close the fields of possibilities. Much more than actor's intentions, these are the system's properties which determine its logic, its global dynamic and its effects. In this way we will successively look after the strategies of different national actors (Germany, France, Great-Britain, USSR, Belgium) in the triggering of the World War II, and the properties of the system related to the interactions and interdependences of actor's games. Finally, we will study the dynamic and effects of the system: the path of war.

Keywords: Jeux d'acteurs, système d'action complexe, propriétés et effets de système, Deuxième Guerre mondiale, relations internationales, Actors games, Complex Action System, Properties and Systemic Effects, Triggering of World War II, International Relations

The settlement has, among other effects, stimulated the creation of territorial-based institutions. Among them, the “State”, which owns a central place, is sovereign and thanks to this authority, it practices its power on a territory on the population living in it with delimited borders. From then on, the forced mobility of the possible climatic nomad people collides with state borders. Indeed, climatic changes are provoking and will provoke population displacements, either within their country of origin or towards other sovereign territories. International law doesn't provide for any specific regulations related to these climatic migrants. As it happens, looked at from the angle of the countries sovereignty, the population displacements caused by climatic changes concerns the affected countries' authority and the authority of other countries likely to welcome those migrants. Internal population displacements for climatic reasons must respect affected people rights but fall within the sovereign authority of the affected country, with some exceptions. On the contrary, the submerged country sovereignty whose population is taking refuge on other land territories is involved. As for other countries, climatic migrations bring them to define with their own authority a policy regarding those migratory flows and occasionally make them contemplate or proceed to institutional adjustments about the presence of those migrants.

Keywords: migration, climat, souveraineté, droit international, population, territoire, migration, climate, sovereignty, international law, population, territory

The journey of the Abenaki chief Nescambiouit (around 1660-1727), represents admirably the ups and downs of the French-Abenaki alliance. He actively participates in numerous raids, from Massachusetts to Newfoundland, where he joins French expeditions in order to expel the English from the territory. Following the Treaty of Utrecht, which ended this war, France decides to give up the Abenakis’ land, without their consent. As a result, Nescambiouit moves among the Fox (Outagamis), west of Lake Michigan, where that nation still resists the French subjugation. Nescambiouit’s relations with the insubordinate Fox compromise the French- Abenaki alliance. French authorities fear that their allies at Odanak and Wôlinak will stay faithful to Nescambiouit, a well respected chief, and this decision may weaken the strength of the French colony. During this period, the colonial archives abound with evidence which confirms the French necessity of maintaining the friendship and the support of the Abenakis, as well as with Nescambiouit. The Abenakis also need this relation to maintain their integrity.

The objective of the article is to understand how a happiness engineering device centered on knowledge-relationship allows for « transformational training ». The methodology is based on a survey of semi-structured interviews and on a thematic content analysis of the dissertations. It was conducted with CPE trainees and teacher trainees in the Prevention-Health-Environment course. The results analyze the types of knowledge-relations in the realization of the experimental device by the trainees and the formative dimensions associated with learning in such an engineering.

AbstractModern anthropology and historiography, with their psychoanalytic influences, have often described the French revolutionaries as having had violent, deadly tendencies. This article attempts to demonstrate that the revolutionaries, in addition to being capable of controlling the violence, had a love for the Declaration of Human and Citizen Rights that was linked to their love of life, as in a beautiful day in someone's life but also as in political life. Based on an examination of the revolutionary journal Le moniteur universel, this article shows that the French revolutionaries aspired to a non-violent revolution, and that they deliberated, prepared, and acted in political places where the politicization was particularly intense. Petitions and civic festivities bore witness to a love of rights that did not separate emotions from reason.

Keywords: Wahnich, Révolution française, droits de l'homme et du citoyen, foules, institutions politiques démocratiques, émotions, Wahnich, French Revolution, Human and Citizen Rights, Crowds, Democratic Political Institutions, Emotions, Wahnich, Revolución francesa, derechos del hombre y del ciudadano, multitudes, instituciones políticas democráticas, emociones