Documents found
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10221.More information
Prevention is a new catchword in American health-care policy. This article analyses the emergence in the late seventies of an apparent consensus concerning an individualist approach to prevention—an approach which stresses the responsibility of individuals for their own health and personal welfare. How did prevention come to assume such a crucial role in political debate on health care policy? Why does the individualist approach take precedence over a more social approach and how is policy formed concerning the orientation and financing of these policies?This article analyses the recent measures taken by the Reagan administration to limit the scope of government regulation in the field of prevention. In particular the author looks at the situation in the areas of health and security in the workplace, environmental protection and public health.Two underlying theories about the causes of illness in contemporary society are in conflict: one focusses on the pathological nature of certain aspects of individual behaviour and is supported by current trends in government policy, the main sectors of the medical establishment and the corporate sector. The other, emphasizing the social dimensions of illness, is defended by sectors of the union movement, ecologists and certain government agencies. The odds are unequal and yet, is it possible to imagine that, in a period characterized by the deterioration of the standard of living, health will continue to be seen as a question of individual willpower.
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10222.More information
This article examines the ways in which Inter-American human rights law has been received and employed outside its own sphere. The Inter-American Court and Commission engage self-consciously in dialogue and borrowing from the global human rights system and the other regional human rights tribunals. Tracing the reciprocal influence of Inter-American developments is a complicated undertaking, because official texts may either understate or overstate the degree to which their authors have relied upon external sources. Examination of the jurisprudence of other human rights tribunals produces mixed results that require interpretation. The African and European regional tribunals have openly engaged with Inter-American precedents on procedure and substance from both the Court and the Commission, although less extensively than the Inter-American Court's methodology leads it to draw from Europe. The International Court of Justice and the UN Human Rights Committee have generally avoided open reference to regional precedent in their institutional opinions, while arguably some tacit influences can be traced. Some express discussion of Inter-American precedent does occasionally appear in concurring or dissenting opinions. The Inter-American Court has had less success, however, in exporting its views on jus cogens.
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10223.More information
An ongoing academic debate shows that urban community gardening (CG) has diverse governance models with differing roles of city administration and citizens. This article uses an empirical case study conducted in the city of Tampere, Finland, to explore what I call the “operational space” of urban CG seen from the viewpoint of city officials. Two rounds of interviews were conducted with eight city officials, and a discourse analysis was applied for the data. As an analytic term developed in this article, the operational space emerges by administrative policies and practices that enable or constrain urban gardening under two general trends of urban governance: institutional ambiguity and neoliberal urban development. In this case, the operational space was rather rigid and narrow. The five main discourses on benefit, control of space, scarcity, unclarity, and newness referred to a clear aim to enable urban gardening. However, the discourses were restricted to strategic, limited, and instrumental levels, as the political-strategic aims of enabling urban gardening contradicted the administrative practices. The results show that cautiousness and unclarity in the administrative-political culture tend to lead to institutional ambiguity. In conclusion, operational space analysis is helpful to uncover the problems and possibilities between CG and city administration.
Keywords: Community gardening, city administration, institutional ambiguity, governance, neoliberal politics
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10224.More information
This paper reports on a survey of faculty members at California State University, Northridge (CSUN) in Los Angeles, California, regarding their attitudes about libraries’ and librarians’ roles in the area of fake news. This study is a continuation of a previous paper that reviewed the origins of fake news and faculty perceptions of the concept. The survey results suggest that faculty members have differing views of how libraries and librarians can help them address fake news. Across disciplines, ages, and genders, faculty members’ views show little belief in the use of the library or librarians to help combat fake news. Notably, only lecturers seem to have a strong view of libraries and librarians playing helpful roles in dealing with the fake news phenomenon. These findings may have future implications for librarians who attempt to address fake news with either their faculty or their students. It may be necessary to develop broader outreach and awareness programs to change traditional conceptions of academic librarians and library services, which are often conflated.
Keywords: fausses nouvelles, mésinformation, bibliothèques, enseignement supérieur, formation documentaire, Higher Education, Fake news, Libraries, Information literacy, Misinformation
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10225.More information
Genre-based approaches are known for their benefits in first and second language classes. In Québec, the intensive English program offered in sixth grade focuses on the teaching of English – less time is therefore devoted to other disciplines, including French. Through this study, our pedagogical goal was to help students develop their writing skills in both French and English. To do so, we invited a classroom teacher and a second language English teacher to bilingually coteach a unit that zeroes in on the characteristics of a specific genre, the written recommendation of a narrative piece. The analysis of approximately 30 recommendations written by students at the end of this unit sheds light on the characteristics found in these texts. More specifically, this article highlights how writers address the reader, how they summarize the narrative pieces, and how they showcase the quality of the pieces in both their English and French texts. These results allow us to believe that pupils build a good understanding of the genre at stake and that the unit created in the context of this study should be developed further.
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10226.More information
How would the usage of Indigenous languages contribute to overcoming the epistemological gap between Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Impact Assessments? This article examines incommensurabilities that arise in Sakha-Russian and Cree-English translations of EIA through the translations of the most common words in samples. Without being embedded in Indigenous languages, TEK and other knowledges are easily decontextualized, and results in the loss of layers of meaning. This study adopted a linguistic anthropological approach to language combined with content analysis and guided by a poststructuralist mode of analysis. We argue policies around EIA/EAs must be shifted to center Indigenous languages as the source of TEK and ensure that there is space for these languages to be used in the consultation processes.
Keywords: Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Alberta, Indigenous Languages, Indigenous Epistemologies
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10227.More information
ABSTRACTStarting with an empirical analysis of shareholders in Quebec's capital market, which raises historiographical and epistemological issues, this article highlights the significance of the internal social relations in understanding the national question. By the early decades of this century, the capital market in Québec contrasted sharply with that in English Canada. Although both relied on joint-stock companies, in Québec this emerging market was an integral part of a nationalist strategy, which enjoyed significant support among petty and middle-ranking bourgeois. Historically rooted and socially based, the creation of a separate capital market in Québec was thus a significant indicator of the distinct path to capitalism taken in Québec.
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10229.More information
AbstractDivided into two sections, an exploratory study was carried out in four SMEs of the area of Mauricie in Quebec. Initially, using a conceptual framework based on three concepts : user competence (Munro et al., 1997), computer self-efficacy (Compeau, Higgins et Huff, 1999 ; Compeau and Higgins, 1995) and cognitive absorption (Agarwal and Karahanna, 2000), a data acquisition on 30 end-users of the Internet made it possible to evaluate their use and their appropriation in context of SME. From this point of view of the technological appropriation, the results show that competences and computer self-efficacy can play an important role, while being significantly dependant.Secondly, the realization of semi-directed interviews on the managers responsible for the systems and information technologies, allowed a qualitative analysis of the factors contributing or not to encourage the use and the appropriation of the Internet in SME. It was then noted that the importance of the security measures, the consultation of the future users, the formulation and the diffusion of clear objectives, the support and the encouragement with the use made on behalf of the executive team, the availability of resources as well as the mechanisms of management of problems and crisis inevitably occurring, are as many factors that are not necessarily taken in care by the managers of SME. These are as many elements which are likely to affect the technological level of appropriation of the users, and this by several manners. In particular, by their effects, direct or indirect, on the qualification level of the end-users and their computer self-efficacy.
Keywords: Appropriation technologique, Internet, Compétences de l'utilisateur, Sentiment d'efficacité personnelle, Absorption cognitive, Facteurs critiques de succès, PME
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10230.More information
This paper summarises a diagnosis of some human resource management (HRM) activities in 12 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of the Canadian consulting engineering industry. Data were collected by means of thorough interviews with the persons assuming the main HRM responsibilities in these SMEs. These interviews were structured by the use of an exhaustive questionnaire covering the main HRM activities. The employment and maintenance activities analysed in this paper are human resource planning, job analysis, recruitment, selection, induction, compensation and performance appraisal. This study has three major objectives. First, it provides descriptive data on the use of these HRM activities in SMEs of the consulting engineering industry. Second, it evaluates the level of development of these activities in light of the normative HRM body of knowledge. Finally, it summarizes the major obstacles faced by the persons assuming these HRM responsibilities. The results underline the adaptive capacities of the SMEs but they also suggest the pertinence of improving some of their HRM activities.
Keywords: Gestion des ressources humaines (GRH), Pratiques de GRH, Petites et moyennes entreprises (PME), Gestion de projets (GP), Diagnostic, Sociétés-conseils, Ingénierie